CBSE Class 10 SST History Ch 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Question Bank with Solutions

Apna CareerApna CareerApna Career

Class 10 SST · History · Chapter 1 · Question Bank + Solutions

CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 1 : THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Name : ..................

Questions : 200Total Marks : 500

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X India and the Contemporary World – I (History), Chapter 1 (The Rise of Nationalism in Europe), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.50 are MCQs of 1 mark each (50 marks). Section B: Q.51 to Q.100 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (50 marks).
3. Section C: Q.101 to Q.150, Short Answer, 3 marks each (150 marks), about 60–80 words. Section D: Q.151 to Q.200, Long Answer, 5 marks each (250 marks), about 120–150 words.
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.50 Choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

1. Who painted the four prints in 1848 depicting a utopian vision of ‘a world made up of democratic and social Republics’?

(a) Eugène Delacroix(b) Philip Veit(c) Giuseppe Mazzini(d) Frédéric Sorrieu

2. In Sorrieu’s print, which two nations lead the procession passing the Statue of Liberty?

(a) France and Germany(b) Britain and Ireland(c) Austria and Hungary(d) The United States and Switzerland

3. In Sorrieu’s print, the Statue of Liberty carries in her hands –

(a) the torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man(b) a sword and a crown(c) a flag and a drum(d) the Bible and a sceptre

4. The Habsburg Empire was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty and included which of the following regions?

(a) Tyrol, Bohemia, Lombardy–Venetia and Hungary(b) Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria(c) Piedmont, Genoa and Sardinia(d) Belgium, Holland and Switzerland

5. The Junkers were –

(a) Prussian army generals(b) large landowners of Prussia(c) Habsburg bureaucrats(d) French revolutionaries

6. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin root liber, which means –

(a) law(b) nation(c) free(d) equal

7. Politically, liberalism stood for –

(a) rule by hereditary kings(b) rule by the Church(c) military rule(d) government by consent, constitution and representative government

8. In the early nineteenth century, the right to vote and to get elected was granted to –

(a) all adult men and women(b) all adult men only(c) women who owned property(d) men who owned property only

9. Economically, liberalism stood for –

(a) protection of guilds(b) government control over trade(c) freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital(d) heavy customs duties

10. The Zollverein, a customs union, was formed in 1834 at the initiative of –

(a) Austria(b) Prussia(c) France(d) Britain

11. Which of the following was an effect of the Zollverein?

(a) Tariffs on trade were increased(b) Germany was united politically(c) Tariff barriers were abolished and the number of currencies was reduced(d) Guilds were revived

12. The main aim of the Congress of Vienna (1815) was to –

(a) support the principles of the French Revolution(b) undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars(c) unify Germany and Italy(d) give independence to Greece

13. Which of the following was decided at the Congress of Vienna, 1815?

(a) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France(b) Napoleon was made the king of France(c) Germany was united(d) Greece was declared independent

14. As part of the Vienna settlement, a series of states was set up on the boundary of France to prevent French expansion in future. One of these was –

(a) Kingdom of Greece(b) the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including Belgium(c) Kingdom of Poland(d) Kingdom of Bavaria

15. The German Confederation of 39 states, set up by Napoleon, was –

(a) dissolved immediately(b) merged with Austria(c) united under Prussia(d) left untouched by the Vienna settlement

16. The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were –

(a) autocratic and did not tolerate criticism and dissent(b) democratic and liberal(c) run by the middle classes(d) supporters of free press

17. Conservatism after 1815 stressed the importance of –

(a) revolutionary change(b) tradition, established institutions, monarchy, the Church and the family(c) equality of all citizens(d) abolition of monarchy

18. Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary, was born in –

(a) Rome, in 1807(b) Milan, in 1815(c) Turin, in 1831(d) Genoa, in 1807

19. Mazzini founded two secret societies, Young Italy and Young Europe, in –

(a) Marseilles and Berne respectively(b) Berne and Marseilles respectively(c) Rome and Paris respectively(d) Vienna and Berlin respectively

20. Mazzini was described by Metternich as –

(a) a great hero of Italy(b) the most dangerous enemy of our social order(c) an ally of the Habsburgs(d) a loyal servant of the Pope

21. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. Hence, Italy –

(a) could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms(b) should remain under the Habsburgs(c) should be ruled by the Pope(d) should join Austria

22. ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.’ Who made this remark?

(a) Otto von Bismarck(b) Louis Philippe(c) Lord Byron(d) Duke Metternich

23. The July Revolution of 1830 led to the independence of –

(a) Greece from the Ottomans(b) Poland from Russia(c) Belgium from the Kingdom of the Netherlands(d) Ireland from Britain

24. The Greek war of independence began in 1821 against –

(a) the Habsburg Empire(b) Russia(c) Prussia(d) the Ottoman Empire

25. Which English poet raised funds and went to fight for Greek independence, dying of fever in 1824?

(a) William Wordsworth(b) John Keats(c) Lord Byron(d) Rudyard Kipling

26. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation?

(a) Treaty of Vienna, 1815(b) Treaty of Versailles, 1871(c) Treaty of Berne, 1834(d) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832

27. Romanticism was a cultural movement that –

(a) emphasised only scientific reasoning(b) sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticising the glorification of reason and science(c) supported the Congress of Vienna(d) opposed the use of folk culture

28. Which German philosopher claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das Volk)?

(a) Johann Gottfried Herder(b) Immanuel Kant(c) Karl Marx(d) Friedrich Hegel

29. Who celebrated the national struggle of Poland through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols?

(a) Ludwig van Beethoven(b) Frédéric Sorrieu(c) Johann Strauss(d) Karol Kurpinski

30. After the Russian occupation of Poland, which language was used as a weapon of national resistance by the clergy?

(a) Russian(b) German(c) Polish(d) Latin

31. In which year did the weavers’ revolt of Silesia take place?

(a) 1815(b) 1845(c) 1830(d) 1871

32. In the weavers’ revolt of Silesia, how many weavers were shot by the army?

(a) 11(b) 5(c) 20(d) 100

33. Which of the following was the cause of hardship in Europe in the 1830s?

(a) A population increase leading to more job seekers than jobs, and competition from cheap machine-made English goods(b) A decrease in population(c) An increase in wages(d) Low prices of food

34. The Frankfurt Parliament assembled in the Church of St Paul on –

(a) 18 May 1848(b) 4 June 1845(c) 18 January 1871(d) 14 July 1789

35. How many elected representatives marched to the Frankfurt Parliament on 18 May 1848?

(a) 831(b) 39(c) 100(d) 1000

36. The Frankfurt Parliament drafted a constitution for the German nation, to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The crown was offered to –

(a) William I, who accepted it(b) Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, who rejected it(c) Napoleon III, who rejected it(d) Franz Joseph of Austria, who accepted it

37. What was the main reason for the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament?

(a) Lack of money(b) It was dominated by the middle classes and resisted the demands of workers and artisans, thereby losing their support(c) Its members were all nobles(d) It was supported by the King of Prussia

38. Women were allowed to enter the Frankfurt Parliament only as –

(a) elected members(b) speakers(c) voters(d) observers in the visitors’ gallery

39. Who was the chief architect of German unification, with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy?

(a) Count Cavour(b) Giuseppe Garibaldi(c) Otto von Bismarck(d) Friedrich Wilhelm IV

40. Prussia’s three wars of unification over seven years were fought against –

(a) Russia, Poland and Italy(b) Britain, Spain and Austria(c) Austria, Denmark and France(d) Hungary, Denmark and Italy

41. Where was the Prussian king William I proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871?

(a) Frankfurt(b) Vienna(c) Versailles(d) Berlin

42. Which was the only Italian state ruled by an Italian princely house in the mid-nineteenth century?

(a) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies(b) Sardinia-Piedmont(c) Papal States(d) Lombardy

43. Who was the Chief Minister who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy under Sardinia-Piedmont?

(a) Count Camillo de Cavour(b) Giuseppe Mazzini(c) Giuseppe Garibaldi(d) Victor Emmanuel II

44. Giuseppe Garibaldi marched in 1860 into –

(a) Austria(b) Rome and Paris(c) South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies(d) Prussia

45. Who was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861?

(a) Count Cavour(b) Giuseppe Garibaldi(c) Napoleon III(d) Victor Emmanuel II

46. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of –

(a) the German Confederation(b) the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’(c) the Habsburg Empire(d) the Kingdom of Italy

47. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in –

(a) 1707(b) 1688(c) 1801(d) 1848

48. The female allegory of the French nation was –

(a) Germania(b) Britannia(c) Marianne(d) Liberty Bell

49. In visual representation, Germania wears a crown of –

(a) oak leaves, because the oak stands for heroism(b) olive leaves(c) laurel leaves(d) roses

50. Which region became the scene of big power rivalry that finally led to the First World War?

(a) Scandinavia(b) The Balkans(c) Iberia(d) The British Isles

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.51 – Q.100 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.50 × 1 = 50

51. Assertion (A): The French Revolution of 1789 is considered the first clear expression of nationalism.
Reason (R): It transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

52. Assertion (A): The French revolutionaries introduced the idea of la patrie and le citoyen.
Reason (R): The idea of a nation was to emphasise a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

53. Assertion (A): The tricolour replaced the royal standard as the new French flag.
Reason (R): Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a body of active citizens.

54. Assertion (A): French was made the common language of the nation after the Revolution.
Reason (R): Regional dialects were encouraged by the revolutionaries.

55. Assertion (A): Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code.
Reason (R): The Code was introduced in territories Napoleon conquered, such as the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany.

56. Assertion (A): Napoleon’s administrative changes were welcomed initially in Holland, Switzerland, Italy and Germany.
Reason (R): They reintroduced serfdom and manorial dues in the conquered regions.

57. Assertion (A): The initial enthusiasm for the French armies in the conquered regions turned into hostility.
Reason (R): Increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription outweighed the advantages of administrative changes.

58. Assertion (A): Businessmen and small-scale producers opposed Napoleonic reforms such as uniform laws and a common currency.
Reason (R): A common national currency and standardised weights and measures facilitated the movement of goods and capital.

59. Assertion (A): In the early nineteenth century Europe had no nation-states in the modern sense.
Reason (R): Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies, and people there spoke different languages and had different identities.

60. Assertion (A): The Habsburg Empire was a multi-national state.
Reason (R): It included German-speaking Austrians, Magyars, Czechs, Poles, Italians and several other groups.

61. Assertion (A): The landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
Reason (R): It spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society, and its members were bound by family ties.

62. Assertion (A): Liberal nationalism in the early nineteenth century stood for equality of all.
Reason (R): Voting rights in liberal regimes were given only to property-owning men.

63. Assertion (A): Economic liberalism demanded the abolition of restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Reason (R): Before 1834 the German-speaking regions had a single common currency.

64. Assertion (A): The Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia.
Reason (R): It was meant to strengthen the political power of the Habsburgs.

65. Assertion (A): The formation of the Zollverein helped to strengthen nationalist sentiment in the German regions.
Reason (R): Railways, along with the customs union, created economic nationalism.

66. Assertion (A): The Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored the Bourbon dynasty to power in France.
Reason (R): The Congress of Vienna was attended by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.

67. Assertion (A): The Kingdom of the Netherlands was set up on the southern boundary of France.
Reason (R): The aim of the Vienna settlement was to prevent French expansion in future.

68. Assertion (A): Conservative regimes after 1815 imposed censorship laws.
Reason (R): They wanted to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs reflecting the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

69. Assertion (A): Conservatives after 1815 opposed all modernisation.
Reason (R): They believed that the state, the Church and social hierarchy should be preserved.

70. Assertion (A): Secret societies were formed in many European states after 1815.
Reason (R): They trained revolutionaries and spread liberal-nationalist ideas.

71. Assertion (A): Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary, was born in Rome in 1807.
Reason (R): Mazzini was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

72. Assertion (A): Metternich described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of the social order.
Reason (R): Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria.

73. Assertion (A): The July Revolution of 1830 in France influenced other parts of Europe.
Reason (R): The July Revolution restored the Bourbon dynasty to power in France.

74. Assertion (A): The Greek war of independence mobilised nationalist feelings among educated West Europeans.
Reason (R): Greece was considered the cradle of European civilisation.

75. Assertion (A): Lord Byron, an English poet, supported the Greek struggle for independence.
Reason (R): He was killed in battle against the Ottomans at Missolonghi in 1824.

76. Assertion (A): The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Reason (R): Greek nationalists had struggled since 1821 against Ottoman rule.

77. Assertion (A): Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of reason and science.
Reason (R): They focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

78. Assertion (A): Johann Gottfried Herder believed that true German culture was found among the common people.
Reason (R): He emphasised folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.

79. Assertion (A): Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiment in Poland.
Reason (R): After the 1831 uprising the clergy used Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction.

80. Assertion (A): Karol Kurpinski used operas and music to celebrate the national struggle of Poland.
Reason (R): He turned folk dances such as the waltz and the minuet into nationalist symbols.

81. Assertion (A): The 1830s were years of great economic prosperity in Europe.
Reason (R): Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap machine-made imports from England.

82. Assertion (A): In 1848 food shortages and unemployment brought the people of Paris out on the roads.
Reason (R): King Louis Philippe was forced to flee and a Republic was proclaimed.

83. Assertion (A): The weavers’ revolt of 1845 took place in Silesia.
Reason (R): The weavers protested against contractors who reduced their payments drastically.

84. Assertion (A): The Frankfurt Parliament failed to achieve unification of Germany.
Reason (R): The King of Prussia accepted the crown offered by the Parliament.

85. Assertion (A): The Frankfurt Parliament lost the support of workers and artisans.
Reason (R): The Parliament was convened in the Church of St Paul in Frankfurt.

86. Assertion (A): Women were denied suffrage in the elections to the Frankfurt Parliament.
Reason (R): Women had played no part in the liberal movement of 1848.

87. Assertion (A): After 1848, autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began introducing changes already made in Western Europe.
Reason (R): Monarchs realised that cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

88. Assertion (A): Prussia took the lead in the unification of Germany.
Reason (R): Its army and bureaucracy were strong, and Bismarck was its Chief Minister.

89. Assertion (A): Otto von Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Austria.
Reason (R): He carried out the unification of Germany with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

90. Assertion (A): William I was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles in 1871.
Reason (R): Otto von Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia.

91. Assertion (A): Italy in the mid-nineteenth century was divided into seven states.
Reason (R): Italians were all united under the rule of the Habsburgs.

92. Assertion (A): The Italian language had a common form in the mid-nineteenth century.
Reason (R): Italians were divided into seven states and used numerous regional and local variations.

93. Assertion (A): The revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 in Italy failed.
Reason (R): Cavour, in contrast, relied on diplomacy and the alliance with France.

94. Assertion (A): Count Cavour was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
Reason (R): He was a member of the rich, educated elite who spoke French much better than Italian.

95. Assertion (A): Giuseppe Garibaldi was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont.
Reason (R): In 1860 he marched with armed volunteers into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

96. Assertion (A): Britain did not exist as a nation-state before the eighteenth century.
Reason (R): Its people’s primary identities were ethnic ones – English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

97. Assertion (A): The British nation-state came about as the result of a sudden revolution.
Reason (R): The Act of Union in 1707 established the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

98. Assertion (A): Germania became the allegory of the German nation.
Reason (R): Germania wears a crown of olive leaves, since the olive stands for heroism.

99. Assertion (A): In the late nineteenth century, nationalism in Europe became a narrow creed with limited ends.
Reason (R): Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ready to go to war.

100. Assertion (A): The Balkans became a region of intense conflict in the late nineteenth century.
Reason (R): The area was under the Ottoman Empire, which was disintegrating, and the big powers competed for influence there.

SECTION – C (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

101. What was the main idea of the visual vision of Frédéric Sorrieu in 1848? Name any two nations in the procession.(3)

102. What did the French Revolution of 1789 do to transfer sovereignty? Mention two measures taken to create a sense of collective identity.(3)

103. Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.(3)

104. Describe the importance of the Napoleonic Code of 1804.(3)

105. Why did the initial enthusiasm for the French armies turn into hostility in the conquered regions?(3)

106. Why was Europe in the middle of the eighteenth century not a collection of nation-states? Give any three reasons.(3)

107. Describe the social structure of Europe in the early nineteenth century in brief.(3)

108. What was liberal nationalism? Explain its political and economic meaning.(3)

109. Why were the voting rights not fully democratic in the liberal-nationalist regimes of the early nineteenth century?(3)

110. What was the Zollverein? Write its importance.(3)

111. Write any three decisions of the Congress of Vienna (1815).(3)

112. Why was the Congress of Vienna convened? Who hosted it?(3)

113. What were the features of conservatism after 1815?(3)

114. How did the conservative regimes of 1815 try to suppress liberal ideas?(3)

115. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Describe his contributions.(3)

116. How was Mazzini perceived by the conservatives? Why?(3)

117. Explain the significance of the July Revolution of 1830.(3)

118. Describe the Greek war of independence.(3)

119. Why did the Greek struggle for independence get support from the West Europeans?(3)

120. What was Romanticism? How did it contribute to nationalism?(3)

121. What contribution did Johann Gottfried Herder make to nationalism?(3)

122. How did language play a role in the development of nationalism in Poland?(3)

123. Describe the role of music in nationalism with reference to Karol Kurpinski.(3)

124. Why were the 1830s years of great economic hardship in Europe?(3)

125. What happened in the revolution of 1848 in Paris?(3)

126. Describe the revolt of the Silesian weavers in 1845.(3)

127. What were the liberal demands of the middle classes in the German regions in 1848?(3)

128. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail?(3)

129. What was the position of women in the liberal movements of 1848?(3)

130. What was the effect of the 1848 revolution on the monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe?(3)

131. Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the unification of Germany.(3)

132. What steps did the new German state take after unification?(3)

133. What was the political condition of Italy in the mid-nineteenth century?(3)

134. Why did the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 in Italy fail?(3)

135. Describe the role of Count Cavour in the unification of Italy.(3)

136. What was the contribution of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy?(3)

137. How was the nation-state formed in Britain? Why is it called ‘strange’?(3)

138. How was Scotland affected by the Act of Union of 1707?(3)

139. What happened in Ireland leading to its incorporation into the United Kingdom?(3)

140. Which symbols were used to create a ‘new British nation’?(3)

141. Explain how the female allegory Marianne represented the French nation.(3)

142. Describe the female allegory Germania.(3)

143. What is an allegory? Why were female figures chosen to represent nations?(3)

144. How did nationalism become a narrow creed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?(3)

145. Why did the Balkans become a source of nationalist tension after 1871?(3)

146. How did the Balkans become the scene of big power rivalry? What was its result?(3)

147. Why did the middle classes support the liberal-nationalist ideals?(3)

148. Distinguish between the liberalism of the early nineteenth century and the nationalism of the late nineteenth century.(3)

149. How were secret societies important in the nationalist movements of Europe after 1815?(3)

150. Why is the 1848 revolt called the ‘revolution of the liberals’?(3)

SECTION – D (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

151. Describe the impact of the French Revolution on the growth of nationalism in France. Explain any five points.(5)

152. How did the French Revolution spread the idea of nationalism outside France? Explain with examples.(5)

153. Explain the main provisions of the Napoleonic Code and assess its impact on the conquered territories.(5)

154. Describe the condition of Europe in the middle of the eighteenth century. Why can we not say that nation-states existed then?(5)

155. What was liberal nationalism? Describe its political, social and economic features.(5)

156. Explain the role of the Zollverein in German economic and political unification.(5)

157. What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? Why were the conservative regimes set up?(5)

158. What was ‘conservatism’ in Europe after 1815? How did the conservative regimes try to curb liberal and nationalist ideas?(5)

159. Describe the contributions of Giuseppe Mazzini to the nationalist movement in Europe.(5)

160. Explain the importance of the July Revolution of 1830 and the Greek war of independence in Europe’s nationalist movements.(5)

161. How did Romanticism and culture help in building nationalist sentiments in Europe? Explain with examples.(5)

162. Describe the economic hardship of the 1830s and its relation to the popular revolts of 1848.(5)

163. Explain the revolt of the weavers of Silesia in 1845 and the role of the middle classes in 1848.(5)

164. Describe the proceedings of the Frankfurt Parliament. Why did it fail?(5)

165. What role did women play in the nationalist struggles of Europe? How were they treated in 1848?(5)

166. Explain how conservative forces responded to the revolutions of 1848 and what changes followed.(5)

167. Describe the process of unification of Germany. Which factors made it possible?(5)

168. Describe Otto von Bismarck’s role and policy in the unification of Germany.(5)

169. Describe the process of unification of Italy. What was the role of Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II?(5)

170. Why was Italy not a unified nation in the nineteenth century? Describe the obstacles to Italian unification.(5)

171. Explain the ‘strange case of Britain’ – how was the British nation-state formed?(5)

172. How did England dominate Scotland and Ireland in the formation of the United Kingdom?(5)

173. What is a female allegory? Explain how Marianne and Germania were used to represent the nations of France and Germany.(5)

174. Explain how nationalism and imperialism were related in the late nineteenth century in Europe, with reference to the Balkans.(5)

175. Explain the causes of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Balkan nationalism.(5)

176. ‘The first half of the nineteenth century was a period of liberal nationalism, the second half of aggressive nationalism.’ Examine the statement.(5)

177. Compare the unification of Germany and Italy.(5)

178. What was the role of the middle classes and the liberals in the revolutions of 1848 and what were their limitations?(5)

179. How did the idea of the nation develop in France after 1789? Explain with the help of symbols and institutions.(5)

180. Describe the visual vision of Sorrieu’s ‘The Pact between Nations’. What does it tell us about 1848?(5)

181. Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail in most parts of Europe? What was their lasting impact?(5)

182. Assess the role of language and culture in the formation of national identity in Europe with reference to Poland.(5)

183. Explain how the Habsburg Empire was a multi-national empire and why nationalism was a threat to it.(5)

184. Explain how the Zollverein, Congress of Vienna and secret societies were linked to German and Italian nationalism.(5)

185. Describe the changes brought by Napoleon in the administration of the territories under his control. Why did they have mixed reactions?(5)

186. Why were nationalism and liberalism considered a threat by the conservatives of Europe after 1815? Explain how they were suppressed.(5)

187. Explain the contribution of Count Cavour and the diplomatic strategy of unification of Italy.(5)

188. Describe how the Greek nationalist movement helped in building a sense of European nationalism.(5)

189. What were the reasons for the rise of nationalism in Europe in the nineteenth century? Explain any five.(5)

190. How did the Frankfurt Parliament attempt to unify Germany? Why was the crown offered to the King of Prussia?(5)

191. Describe the role of the Prussian state in the unification of Germany after the failure of 1848.(5)

192. Explain how women and common people were represented in the paintings and prints of the nationalist period.(5)

193. Write an essay on the role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.(5)

194. ‘Nationalism, which had united Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century, divided it in the second half.’ Do you agree? Give reasons.(5)

195. Explain the economic and political developments that led to the demand for a unified Germany.(5)

196. Describe the relationship between the Treaty of Vienna settlement and the revolutionary movements that followed.(5)

197. Describe how the Silesian weavers’ revolt and the Paris revolution of 1848 indicate that economic hardship fuelled political change.(5)

198. Explain the significance of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor at Versailles in January 1871.(5)

199. What were the consequences of the Napoleonic wars for Europe? Explain any five.(5)

200. Trace the sequence of revolutions in France in 1789, 1830 and 1848 and their effect on Europe.(5)

********

CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 1 : COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe · Answer Key with Solutions

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Total Marks : 500

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.50)

1. (d)	2. (d)	3. (a)	4. (a)	5. (b)	6. (c)	7. (d)	8. (d)	9. (c)	10. (b)
11. (c)	12. (b)	13. (a)	14. (b)	15. (d)	16. (a)	17. (b)	18. (d)	19. (a)	20. (b)
21. (a)	22. (d)	23. (c)	24. (d)	25. (c)	26. (d)	27. (b)	28. (a)	29. (d)	30. (c)
31. (b)	32. (a)	33. (a)	34. (a)	35. (a)	36. (b)	37. (b)	38. (d)	39. (c)	40. (c)
41. (c)	42. (b)	43. (a)	44. (c)	45. (d)	46. (b)	47. (c)	48. (c)	49. (a)	50. (b)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.51 – Q.100)

51. (a)	52. (a)	53. (b)	54. (c)	55. (b)	56. (c)	57. (a)	58. (d)	59. (a)	60. (a)
61. (b)	62. (d)	63. (c)	64. (c)	65. (a)	66. (b)	67. (d)	68. (a)	69. (d)	70. (a)
71. (d)	72. (b)	73. (c)	74. (a)	75. (c)	76. (b)	77. (a)	78. (a)	79. (a)	80. (c)
81. (d)	82. (b)	83. (a)	84. (c)	85. (b)	86. (c)	87. (a)	88. (a)	89. (d)	90. (b)
91. (c)	92. (d)	93. (b)	94. (b)	95. (d)	96. (a)	97. (d)	98. (c)	99. (a)	100. (a)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (d) Frédéric Sorrieu

The French artist Frédéric Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints in 1848 visualising a world of democratic and social republics, titled The Pact between Nations.

2. Ans. (d) The United States and Switzerland

The USA and Switzerland, already nation-states by then, lead the procession; France, with the tricolour, has just reached the statue.

3. Ans. (a) the torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man

She holds the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.

4. Ans. (a) Tyrol, Bohemia, Lombardy–Venetia and Hungary

The multi-national Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions of Tyrol, Austria and Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia, and Hungary.

5. Ans. (b) large landowners of Prussia

‘Junkers’ were the big landowning aristocrats of Prussia (Eastern Germany); Bismarck came from this class.

6. Ans. (c) free

Liberalism comes from liber = ‘free’; for the middle classes it meant freedom for the individual and equality before law.

7. Ans. (d) government by consent, constitution and representative government

Politically, liberalism emphasised government by consent, an end to autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative parliament.

8. Ans. (d) men who owned property only

In liberal-nationalist regimes, voting rights were restricted to property-owning men; women and non-propertied men had no vote.

9. Ans. (c) freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital

Liberal economics demanded free markets and the removal of restrictions on movement of goods and capital.

10. Ans. (b) Prussia

Prussia took the initiative; most German states joined. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

11. Ans. (c) Tariff barriers were abolished and the number of currencies was reduced

The Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced currencies from over thirty to two; railways further linked the economy and strengthened nationalist sentiment.

12. Ans. (b) undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars

The European powers wanted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown and create a new conservative order in Europe.

13. Ans. (a) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France

The Bourbon dynasty, deposed during the French Revolution, was restored; France also lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

14. Ans. (b) the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including Belgium

The Kingdom of the Netherlands (which included Belgium) was set up in the north; Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

15. Ans. (d) left untouched by the Vienna settlement

The 39-state German Confederation created by Napoleon was left intact at the Congress of Vienna.

16. Ans. (a) autocratic and did not tolerate criticism and dissent

They were autocratic; they imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs to curb liberal ideas of freedom of the press.

17. Ans. (b) tradition, established institutions, monarchy, the Church and the family

Conservatives believed in preserving established institutions such as monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and family, though most accepted modernisation.

18. Ans. (d) Genoa, in 1807

Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807 and became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

19. Ans. (a) Marseilles and Berne respectively

Young Italy was founded in Marseilles; Young Europe in Berne, with members from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

20. Ans. (b) the most dangerous enemy of our social order

Metternich called Mazzini ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ because of his opposition to monarchy and support for democratic republics.

21. Ans. (a) could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms

Mazzini argued Italy could not remain a patchwork of small states and kingdoms; it had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

22. Ans. (d) Duke Metternich

Metternich’s remark shows how the July Revolution in France inspired uprisings in Brussels (leading to Belgian independence) and elsewhere.

23. Ans. (c) Belgium from the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Following the July Revolution in France, Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

24. Ans. (d) the Ottoman Empire

Greeks fought for independence from the Ottoman Empire; nationalists in Greece were supported by exiled Greeks and many West Europeans.

25. Ans. (c) Lord Byron

Lord Byron organised funds and later went to Greece to fight; he died of fever there in 1824.

26. Ans. (d) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832

The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

27. Ans. (b) sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticising the glorification of reason and science

Romantic artists and poets emphasised emotions, intuition and mystical feelings, and tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and common cultural past.

28. Ans. (a) Johann Gottfried Herder

Herder emphasised folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances as the true spirit (volksgeist) of a nation.

29. Ans. (d) Karol Kurpinski

The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated Poland’s national struggle through operas and music.

30. Ans. (c) Polish

After the 1831 armed rebellion was crushed, the clergy used Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction; many priests were jailed or sent to Siberia.

31. Ans. (b) 1845

In 1845 the weavers of Silesia protested against contractors who had drastically reduced their payments; 11 weavers were shot on 4 June.

32. Ans. (a) 11

The contractor returned with the army and in the exchange that followed, 11 weavers were shot.

33. Ans. (a) A population increase leading to more job seekers than jobs, and competition from cheap machine-made English goods

Population grew, there were more job seekers than employment, cities were overcrowded, and small producers faced competition from cheap English machine-made imports.

34. Ans. (a) 18 May 1848

On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament.

35. Ans. (a) 831

Exactly 831 elected representatives took their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.

36. Ans. (b) Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, who rejected it

Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the offer and joined other monarchs in opposing the elected assembly; troops were called in and the assembly was disbanded.

37. Ans. (b) It was dominated by the middle classes and resisted the demands of workers and artisans, thereby losing their support

The middle-class dominated Parliament lost the support of workers and artisans; troops finally disbanded it.

38. Ans. (d) observers in the visitors’ gallery

Although women had taken active part in the liberal movement, they were denied suffrage rights and were admitted only as observers.

39. Ans. (c) Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck, Chief Minister of Prussia, was the architect of the nation-building process.

40. Ans. (c) Austria, Denmark and France

Prussia’s victories over Austria, Denmark and France completed the process of German unification.

41. Ans. (c) Versailles

In a ceremony at the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles in January 1871, William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

42. Ans. (b) Sardinia-Piedmont

Out of seven states, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house; the North was under the Austrian Habsburgs, the Centre under the Pope and the South under the Bourbon kings of Spain.

43. Ans. (a) Count Camillo de Cavour

Cavour, neither a revolutionary nor a democrat, engineered a diplomatic alliance with France, which helped defeat the Austrian forces in 1859.

44. Ans. (c) South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Garibaldi led armed volunteers (the Red Shirts), marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and won the support of local peasants.

45. Ans. (d) Victor Emmanuel II

In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont was proclaimed king of united Italy.

46. Ans. (b) the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’

The Act of Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain, with England able to impose its influence on Scotland.

47. Ans. (c) 1801

After the failed revolt of 1798 led by Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801.

48. Ans. (c) Marianne

Marianne, from the popular names Marie and Anne, represented the people’s nation; her characteristics were drawn from Liberty and the Republic – red cap, tricolour, cockade.

49. Ans. (a) oak leaves, because the oak stands for heroism

The German oak stands for heroism; Germania’s crown of oak leaves symbolises the German nation.

50. Ans. (b) The Balkans

The Balkan region, with the disintegrating Ottoman Empire, nationalist tensions among the Slavs and rivalry among Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary, became explosive.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

51. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. The Revolution proclaimed that the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny; this explains why it is seen as the first expression of nationalism.

52. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. La patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) stressed a united community with equal rights under a constitution.

53. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both are true statements of the Revolution’s changes, but the renaming of the Estates General does not explain why the tricolour was adopted.

54. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true: French as spoken and written in Paris became the common language. R is false: regional dialects were discouraged.

55. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true, but the extension of the Code to conquered lands does not explain why it established equality before the law.

56. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: Napoleon’s reforms abolished the feudal system, freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues and removed guild restrictions.

57. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. The new arrangements did not bring political freedom.

58. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: businessmen and small producers welcomed these reforms. R is true: uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common currency facilitated movement of goods and capital.

59. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons; the Habsburg Empire included many language groups.

60. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. The empire united different ethnic groups under a dynasty rather than a common national identity.

61. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both statements are true; R is a feature of the aristocracy but does not explain why it was dominant (it owned land and wielded social power).

62. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: liberal nationalism stood for equality before the law, not full equality – women and non-propertied men were excluded from voting. R is true.

63. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: before 1834 there were over thirty currencies, which hampered trade.

64. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: the Zollverein was a Prussia-led customs union and it actually increased Prussian influence.

65. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. The growth of railways created new dynamics by linking the economy and the territory, thereby reinforcing nationalist sentiments.

66. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the attendance of the four powers does not explain why the Bourbons were restored.

67. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: the Kingdom of the Netherlands (including Belgium) was set up in the north; Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. R is true.

68. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A – censorship was used to curb liberal ideas.

69. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: most conservatives accepted that modernisation (efficient bureaucracy, modern army, abolition of serfdom) could strengthen autocratic monarchies. R is true.

70. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A – secret societies were the means by which revolutionary ideas were spread under censorship.

71. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807. R is true: he was a member of the Carbonari and was exiled in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

72. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; Metternich’s office does not explain why he regarded Mazzini as a threat (Mazzini’s republican, democratic ideas did).

73. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: the July Revolution overthrew the Bourbon kings, who had been restored in 1815, and installed Louis Philippe.

74. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A – poets and artists praised ancient Greece, creating public sympathy against the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

75. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true: he raised funds and went to Greece. R is false: Byron died of fever in 1824; he was not killed in battle.

76. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both are true, but the treaty was signed due to the long Greek struggle and support from European powers; R is a background fact which does not directly explain the treaty’s provisions.

77. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A – romantics emphasised the sentiments over reason.

78. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. The ‘volk’ and its folk culture were seen as the soul of the nation.

79. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. Using Polish became a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

80. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: he turned the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

81. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: the 1830s were years of great economic hardship, with unemployment and overcrowded slums. R is true.

82. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both are true: the hardship caused a revolt, and the Republic was proclaimed. But R is a consequence, not an explanation, of the crowds going on the roads.

83. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. The weavers marched to the contractor’s mansion demanding higher wages; the army later shot 11 weavers.

84. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the crown and joined other monarchs in opposing the assembly.

85. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the venue does not explain the loss of support. The real cause was its middle-class bias against the demands of workers and artisans.

86. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: many women had actively participated in the movement, formed associations, founded newspapers and joined demonstrations.

87. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia, and Hungarians were given more autonomy in 1867.

88. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. Prussian military and administrative strength made it the leading German state.

89. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia. R is true.

90. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true, but Bismarck’s position does not explain why William I was proclaimed Emperor at Versailles in 1871, which followed Prussia’s victory over France.

91. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: Italians were scattered over several dynastic states; only the north was under the Habsburgs, and only Sardinia-Piedmont had an Italian ruling house.

92. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and had many regional variations. R is true.

93. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain why the uprisings failed. The success of Sardinia-Piedmont came later through diplomacy and war.

94. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is an additional detail about Cavour’s background, not an explanation of the first statement.

95. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont was Cavour; Garibaldi was the leader of armed volunteers (Red Shirts). R is true.

96. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. The ‘British nation’ was forged only after the Act of Union (1707).

97. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: its formation was the result of a long-drawn-out process, not a sudden revolution. R is true.

98. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

99. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. Nationalism had lost its liberal-democratic idealism of the early nineteenth century.

100. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A. Balkan nationalist tensions and imperial rivalry led to the First World War.

SECTION – C (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

101. Ans.

• Sorrieu prepared four prints in 1848 showing a utopian world made up of democratic and social republics. [1]
• Peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified by their flags and national costumes. [1]
• The USA and Switzerland lead the procession; France (tricolour) and Germany follow. [1]

102. Ans.

• Sovereignty was transferred from the monarchy to a body of French citizens; the people would constitute the nation. [1]
• Ideas of la patrie and le citoyen were emphasised; the tricolour replaced the royal standard. [1]
• The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly; new hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated; uniform weights and measures; French made the common language. [1]

103. Ans.

• The ideas of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen) emphasised a united community with equal rights. [1]
• A new French flag, the tricolour, replaced the royal standard; the Estates General was renamed the National Assembly. [1]
• A centralised administrative system, uniform laws, abolition of internal customs duties, uniform weights and measures, and French as the common language. [1]

104. Ans.

• It did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. [1]
• It simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. [1]
• Guild restrictions were removed in towns; transport and communication were improved. [1]

105. Ans.

• The new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. [1]
• Taxation increased and censorship was imposed. [1]
• Forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes. [1]

106. Ans.

• Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies composed of different territories and peoples. [1]
• These lands had no common identity; people spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups (e.g., Habsburg Empire). [1]
• The ruling dynasties held power and loyalty was to the dynasty or the emperor rather than to the nation. [1]

107. Ans.

• The landed aristocracy was the dominant class; it spoke French for diplomacy and in high society and was bound by family ties. [1]
• The majority of the population were peasants: in Western Europe they owned land, in Eastern and Central Europe they were serfs. [1]
• A new middle class (industrialists, businessmen, professionals) emerged with industrialisation, and became the base of liberal-nationalist ideas. [1]

108. Ans.

• Liberalism (from liber, free) meant freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. [1]
• Politically, it stood for government by consent, a constitution and representative government with the end of autocracy. [1]
• Economically, it stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. [1]

109. Ans.

• Equality before law did not mean universal suffrage. [1]
• Voting rights and rights to be elected were granted only to property-owning men. [1]
• Women and men without property were excluded from the political rights. [1]

110. Ans.

• It was a customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia; most German states joined. [1]
• It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. [1]
• Along with the railways, it created economic nationalism and strengthened nationalist sentiment. [1]

111. Ans.

• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France; France lost the territories annexed under Napoleon. [1]
• A series of states was set up on the boundaries of France, e.g., the Kingdom of the Netherlands (including Belgium) and Genoa added to Piedmont. [1]
• Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontier, Austria was given control of northern Italy, Russia got part of Poland, and the 39-state German Confederation was left untouched. [1]

112. Ans.

• After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria) met at Vienna. [1]
• Its objective was to undo most of the changes that had come about during the Napoleonic wars. [1]
• It was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich; the settlement is known as the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. [1]

113. Ans.

• Conservatives believed in preserving the established institutions of state and society – monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family. [1]
• They did not want to return to pre-revolutionary days; they accepted that modernisation could strengthen monarchies. [1]
• They pointed to a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom as examples. [1]

114. Ans.

• They were autocratic and did not tolerate criticism and dissent. [1]
• Censorship laws were imposed to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs. [1]
• They suppressed the memory of the French Revolution; many revolutionaries went underground and formed secret societies. [1]

115. Ans.

• He was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807 and a member of the Carbonari secret society. [1]
• He was exiled in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria; he founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. [1]
• He believed that nations were natural units of mankind; Italy should be a single unified republic. [1]

116. Ans.

• Metternich called him ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’. [1]
• Mazzini opposed monarchy and favoured democratic republics. [1]
• His secret societies spread the ideas of nationalism and republicanism across Europe. [1]

117. Ans.

• Bourbon kings, restored in 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe. [1]
• Metternich remarked, ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.’ [1]
• The revolution led to uprisings in Brussels, and Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. [1]

118. Ans.

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century; the struggle began in 1821. [1]
• Nationalists were supported by many Greeks living in exile and by West Europeans who sympathised with ancient Greek culture. [1]
• The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation. [1]

119. Ans.

• Greece was seen as the cradle of European civilisation. [1]
• Poets and artists praised Greek culture and mobilised public opinion against the Muslim Ottoman Empire. [1]
• The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and went to fight; he died of fever in 1824. [1]

120. Ans.

• Romanticism was a cultural movement that criticised the glorification of reason and science. [1]
• It focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings and tried to create a sense of shared heritage. [1]
• Romantics such as Herder found the true spirit of a nation in folk songs, poetry and dances. [1]

121. Ans.

• He was a German philosopher who claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk). [1]
• He emphasised the collection of folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. [1]
• This popularised the vernacular language and local folklore, creating a sense of nationalism among the masses. [1]

122. Ans.

• Poland was partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria; after Russian occupation, Russian was imposed everywhere. [1]
• After the 1831 armed rebellion was crushed, the clergy used Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. [1]
• Many priests and bishops were jailed or sent to Siberia; Polish became a symbol of the struggle against Russia. [1]

123. Ans.

• Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle of Poland through his operas and music. [1]
• He turned folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. [1]
• Music thus helped in keeping the sense of national identity alive among people under foreign rule. [1]

124. Ans.

• Population increased, and there were more job seekers than jobs; people migrated to overcrowded cities. [1]
• Small producers faced stiff competition from cheap machine-made goods imported from England. [1]
• Peasants were burdened with feudal dues and obligations; rising food prices or bad harvests led to widespread pauperism. [1]

125. Ans.

• Food shortages and unemployment brought the people of Paris out on the roads; barricades were erected and Louis Philippe fled. [1]
• The National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granting suffrage to all adult males above 21. [1]
• The right to work was guaranteed and national workshops were set up for employment. [1]

126. Ans.

• Contractors gave weavers raw material and asked them to deliver finished cloth but drastically reduced their payments. [1]
• On 4 June, a group of weavers marched to the contractor’s mansion demanding higher wages; he fled. [1]
• He returned with the army; in the exchange that followed, 11 weavers were shot. [1]

127. Ans.

• They demanded the creation of a nation-state based on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association. [1]
• The middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. [1]
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to the Frankfurt Parliament in the Church of St Paul. [1]

128. Ans.

• The King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, rejected the crown offered by the Parliament and joined other monarchs in opposing it. [1]
• The Parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and thus lost their support. [1]
• Troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband. [1]

129. Ans.

• Women had actively participated – they formed political associations, founded newspapers and joined demonstrations. [1]
• Yet they were denied suffrage rights during the elections to the Assembly. [1]
• In the Frankfurt Parliament they were admitted only as observers, standing in the visitors’ gallery. [1]

130. Ans.

• Liberal movements were suppressed but could not restore the old order. [1]
• Monarchs realised that cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions. [1]
• Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in Habsburg dominions and Russia; Hungarians were granted more autonomy in 1867. [1]

131. Ans.

• Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and the chief architect of the nation-building process. [1]
• He used the Prussian army and bureaucracy; three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory. [1]
• In January 1871, William I was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles. [1]

132. Ans.

• The new state placed strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. [1]
• Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany. [1]
• The state was dominated by Prussia, with the Prussian king as German Emperor. [1]

133. Ans.

• Italy was divided into seven states; only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. [1]
• The north was under the Austrian Habsburgs, the centre under the Pope, and the south under the Bourbon kings of Spain. [1]
• Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, with many regional variations. [1]

134. Ans.

• The uprisings led by Mazzini were not backed by a strong state or army. [1]
• The Habsburgs and conservative forces suppressed them. [1]
• As a result, the responsibility of unifying Italy fell on Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by Victor Emmanuel II. [1]

135. Ans.

• He was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, neither a revolutionary nor a democrat, but a member of the rich elite. [1]
• He engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance with France. [1]
• Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrian forces in 1859. [1]

136. Ans.

• Large numbers of armed volunteers, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, joined the movement. [1]
• In 1860 they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and won the support of local peasants. [1]
• They drove out the Spanish rulers; in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. [1]

137. Ans.

• There was no British nation before the eighteenth century; the primary identities were ethnic – English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. [1]
• It was the result of a long-drawn-out process; the English parliament became the instrument of nation-building after 1688. [1]
• The Act of Union (1707) formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain; Ireland was incorporated in 1801. [1]

138. Ans.

• England was able to impose its influence on Scotland; the British parliament was dominated by English members. [1]
• Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. [1]
• The Catholic clans of the Highlands suffered repression; Highlanders were forbidden to speak Gaelic or wear their national dress, and many were driven out. [1]

139. Ans.

• Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants; the English helped Protestants establish their dominance. [1]
• Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed; the revolt led by Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen (1798) failed. [1]
• Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. [1]

140. Ans.

• The British flag (Union Jack). [1]
• The national anthem (God Save Our Noble King). [1]
• The English language; the dominant English culture was propagated, and older cultures of Scotland and Ireland were marginalised. [1]

141. Ans.

• Marianne was a female allegory of the French nation, derived from the popular Christian names Marie and Anne. [1]
• Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade. [1]
• Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares, and her image appeared on coins and stamps. [1]

142. Ans.

• Germania became the allegory of the German nation. [1]
• In visual representations she wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism. [1]
• Her image with the black, red and gold flag was used in nationalist paintings, e.g., Philip Veit’s Germania (1848). [1]

143. Ans.

• An allegory is an abstract idea (such as liberty, justice or a nation) expressed through a person or a thing. [1]
• Since the abstract idea of a nation could not be shown, artists personified it as a female figure. [1]
• Such a figure did not stand for any real woman; it helped people identify with the nation. [1]

144. Ans.

• Nationalism lost its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century. [1]
• Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ready to go to war. [1]
• Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations of subject peoples for their own imperialist aims. [1]

145. Ans.

• The Balkan region had geographical and ethnic variation (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Serbia and others); inhabitants were called Slavs. [1]
• Much of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire, which was disintegrating; one by one its subject nationalities broke away. [1]
• Balkan states were keen on gaining more territory at each other’s expense. [1]

146. Ans.

• Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary each wanted to counter the hold of other powers and extend its own control over the area. [1]
• The nationalist ambitions of the Balkan peoples were manipulated by these powers. [1]
• This led to a series of wars in the region and finally to the First World War. [1]

147. Ans.

• Industrialisation led to the growth of the working-class and middle-class groups – industrialists, businessmen and professionals. [1]
• The educated, liberal middle classes believed in liberty and equality before the law and wanted a constitution. [1]
• They also wanted the removal of tariff barriers and a unified market. [1]

148. Ans.

• Early nineteenth-century liberal nationalism was idealistic: it stood for liberty, equality, constitution and freedom of nations. [1]
• Late nineteenth-century nationalism became a narrow creed, intolerant of others and tied to imperialism. [1]
• The former was linked to democratic movements; the latter led to rivalries and finally the First World War. [1]

149. Ans.

• Under the censorship and repression of conservative regimes, many liberal-nationalists went underground to spread ideas. [1]
• Societies such as the Carbonari, Young Italy and Young Europe trained revolutionaries. [1]
• They worked for the overthrow of monarchies and for the formation of nation-states. [1]

150. Ans.

• It was led by educated middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. [1]
• They demanded a constitution, freedom of the press and association, and a parliamentary nation-state. [1]
• The liberal movement was spread in Germany, Italy, the Habsburg Empire and Poland, though it was eventually suppressed. [1]

SECTION – D (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

151. Ans.

• Sovereignty was transferred from the monarchy to a body of French citizens; the people would constitute the nation. [1]
• Ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasised a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. [1]
• A new French flag, the tricolour, replaced the royal standard; the Estates General was renamed the National Assembly; new hymns and oaths were composed. [1]
• A centralised administrative system, uniform laws, abolition of internal customs duties, and uniform weights and measures were introduced. [1]
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French as spoken in Paris became the common language; the revolutionaries declared it their mission to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. [1]

152. Ans.

• The revolutionaries declared that it was their mission and destiny to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism and help them become nations. [1]
• When news reached other European cities, students and educated middle classes set up Jacobin clubs. [1]
• Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for French armies, which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. [1]
• With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, French armies carried the idea of nationalism abroad. [1]
• Under Napoleon, the Civil Code of 1804 was introduced in these territories, spreading ideas of equality and abolishing feudalism. [1]

153. Ans.

• The Civil Code of 1804 did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. [1]
• It was exported to the regions under French control – the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. [1]
• Administrative divisions were simplified, the feudal system abolished, and peasants freed from serfdom and manorial dues; guild restrictions were removed in towns. [1]
• Transport and communication systems were improved; peasants, artisans, workers and businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom; businessmen saw benefits in uniform laws, standard weights and a common currency. [1]
• Reactions were mixed: increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription made the French armies unpopular, as the new arrangements did not bring political freedom. [1]

154. Ans.

• Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies composed of many territories and peoples; there were no ‘nation-states’. [1]
• The Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions of Tyrol, Austria and Sudetenland, Bohemia, Lombardy–Venetia and Hungary; people spoke different languages. [1]
• Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their own autonomous territories. [1]
• The landed aristocracy was the dominant class, spoke French in high society and was united by family ties; peasants were the majority and, in the East, serfs. [1]
• The shared identity of a nation was missing; loyalty was to the dynasty, and the middle class (industrialists, businessmen and professionals) was only then emerging. [1]

155. Ans.

• The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin liber – free; for the new middle classes it meant freedom for the individual and equality before the law. [1]
• Politically, it stood for government by consent, end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative parliament. [1]
• Socially, it emphasised the inviolability of private property; yet voting rights were restricted to property-owning men, and women and non-propertied men were excluded. [1]
• Economically, it stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. [1]
• Movements for political rights increased the demand for nation-states; economic unity was seen as a basis for nationhood (e.g., the Zollverein). [1]

156. Ans.

• Before 1834, the German-speaking regions had a maze of customs barriers and over thirty currencies, which hampered trade. [1]
• The Zollverein, a customs union, was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most German states. [1]
• It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. [1]
• The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility and strengthened economic interests. [1]
• Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment, and Prussia’s leadership prepared the ground for unification. [1]

157. Ans.

• The Congress of Vienna, hosted by Duke Metternich, was attended by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria to undo the changes brought by Napoleon. [1]
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France, which lost the territories annexed under Napoleon. [1]
• A series of states was set up on the boundaries of France – the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the north and Genoa added to Piedmont in the south – to prevent French expansion. [1]
• Prussia was given important new territories in the west, Austria control over northern Italy, and Russia part of Poland; the 39 states of the German Confederation were left untouched. [1]
• The aim was to restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order that would suppress liberalism and nationalism. [1]

158. Ans.

• Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development over quick change. [1]
• After 1815, most conservatives wanted to preserve monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and family, but accepted modernisation. [1]
• Modernisation (an efficient bureaucracy, a modern army, a dynamic economy and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom) was seen as strengthening monarchies. [1]
• Conservative regimes were autocratic; they did not tolerate criticism and imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs. [1]
• In response, liberal-nationalists went underground and formed secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. [1]

159. Ans.

• Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807 and became a member of the Carbonari, a secret society. [1]
• As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. [1]
• He founded two secret societies – Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne – whose members were young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. [1]
• Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind; Italy could not remain a patchwork of small states. [1]
• His relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened conservatives – Metternich called him ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’. [1]

160. Ans.

• The Bourbon kings, restored after 1815, were overthrown in France by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe. [1]
• Metternich remarked, ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’, showing the revolution’s influence. [1]
• Uprisings in Brussels led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. [1]
• The Greek struggle, begun in 1821 against the Ottoman Empire, was supported by Greeks in exile and West Europeans who saw Greece as the cradle of civilisation; Lord Byron raised funds and died of fever in 1824. [1]
• The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation. [1]

161. Ans.

• Romanticism was a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticising the glorification of reason and science. [1]
• Romantic artists and poets emphasised emotions, intuition and mystical feelings and created a sense of shared collective heritage. [1]
• Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk – through folk songs, poetry and dances. [1]
• In Poland, Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through operas and music, turning the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. [1]
• Language also mattered: after the 1831 uprising the clergy used Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction, a form of resistance against Russian dominance. [1]

162. Ans.

• The 1830s were years of great economic hardship; Europe’s population had increased, and there were more job seekers than jobs. [1]
• Migrants from rural areas crowded into slums in cities. [1]
• Small producers faced competition from cheap machine-made goods from England, and peasants were burdened with feudal dues. [1]
• Rising food prices or bad harvests led to widespread pauperism; in 1848 food shortages and unemployment brought Parisians out on the road. [1]
• Barricades were erected, Louis Philippe fled, and a Republic was proclaimed, with suffrage for all adult males above 21 and the right to work; the 1845 Silesian weavers’ revolt was another example. [1]

163. Ans.

• In 1845 the weavers protested against contractors who had drastically reduced their payments for finished goods. [1]
• On 4 June a group marched to the contractor’s mansion demanding higher wages; he fled but returned with the army, and 11 weavers were shot. [1]
• In 1848 the middle classes of the German regions – professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans – set up political associations demanding a nation-state based on parliamentary principles. [1]
• They demanded a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association, and decided to elect an all-German National Assembly. [1]
• The Frankfurt Parliament met on 18 May 1848, but the middle-class assembly neglected the working class’s demands and was eventually dissolved. [1]

164. Ans.

• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament, convened in the Church of St Paul. [1]
• The Parliament drafted a constitution for the German nation, to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. [1]
• When the deputation offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. [1]
• The Parliament was dominated by the middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and thus lost their support. [1]
• Troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband; women were only admitted as observers despite their role. [1]

165. Ans.

• Large numbers of women had actively participated in the liberal movement of the 1840s. [1]
• They formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. [1]
• Yet they were denied suffrage during the elections to the Assembly. [1]
• When the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers, standing in the visitors’ gallery. [1]
• Louise Otto-Peters (1819–95) founded a women’s journal and later a political association for the advancement of women’s rights; women were also used as allegories (Marianne, Germania), not real participants. [1]

166. Ans.

• Conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, but could not restore the old order. [1]
• Monarchs began to realise that cycles of revolution and repression could be ended only by granting concessions to liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. [1]
• In the years after 1848 the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce changes already made in Western Europe before 1815. [1]
• Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. [1]
• The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867. [1]

167. Ans.

• After 1848, nationalism was taken over by the conservative groups; Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. [1]
• Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of the process, with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. [1]
• Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory. [1]
• In January 1871, in a ceremony at Versailles, the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German Emperor. [1]
• The new state emphasised modernising currency, banking, legal and judicial systems; Prussian practices became a model for the rest of Germany. [1]

168. Ans.

• Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, was a conservative who aimed at making Prussia dominant in Germany. [1]
• He pursued a policy of ‘blood and iron’, relying on the army rather than on parliament. [1]
• He fought wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866) and France (1870–71) and won them. [1]
• He made William I the Emperor of Germany at Versailles in January 1871, after the defeat of France. [1]
• He built a strong state through modernisation of administration, currency, banking and legal systems. [1]

169. Ans.

• In the mid-nineteenth century Italy was divided into seven states; only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. [1]
• Mazzini’s republican uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed, so the task fell to the ruling house of Sardinia-Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel II. [1]
• Chief Minister Cavour, neither a revolutionary nor a democrat, engineered a diplomatic alliance with France; Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austria in 1859. [1]
• Garibaldi’s armed volunteers marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860 and won peasant support to drive out the Spanish rulers. [1]
• In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. [1]

170. Ans.

• Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. [1]
• The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre under the Pope and the south under the Bourbon kings of Spain. [1]
• Only Sardinia-Piedmont had an Italian ruling house. [1]
• Even the Italian language had no common form and had many regional variations. [1]
• The revolutionary attempts of Mazzini failed; unification required war against Austria and the support of foreign powers such as France. [1]

171. Ans.

• Britain’s nation-state was the result of a long-drawn-out process; there was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. [1]
• Primary identities were ethnic – English, Welsh, Scot or Irish – each with its own cultural and political traditions. [1]
• The English nation grew in wealth, importance and power and extended its influence over other nations of the islands; the English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688, became the instrument of nation-building. [1]
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain; Scottish culture was suppressed and Highlanders forbidden to speak Gaelic. [1]
• Ireland was forcibly incorporated in 1801 after the failed revolt of Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen (1798); a new ‘British nation’ was forged through the Union Jack, God Save Our Noble King and the English language. [1]

172. Ans.

• The Act of Union (1707) led to Scotland’s incorporation; the British parliament was dominated by English members. [1]
• Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were suppressed; Catholic clans of the Highlands were repressed and Gaelic and national dress were prohibited. [1]
• Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants; the English helped the Protestants to dominate the Catholic majority. [1]
• Catholic revolts were suppressed; after the failed revolt of 1798 led by Wolfe Tone, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801. [1]
• Symbols such as the Union Jack, the national anthem and the English language were promoted to create a new British identity. [1]

173. Ans.

• An allegory is the expression of an abstract idea through a person or a thing; in the nineteenth century, artists personified nations as female figures. [1]
• Marianne, from the popular names Marie and Anne, characterised the idea of a people’s nation in France. [1]
• Her features were drawn from Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade; her statues were placed in public squares and her image on coins and stamps. [1]
• Germania became the allegory of the German nation; she wears a crown of oak leaves, as the oak stands for heroism. [1]
• Such images helped the people to identify with the nation and created a sense of unity. [1]

174. Ans.

• By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism had lost its liberal-democratic idealism and had become a narrow creed. [1]
• Nationalist groups became intolerant of each other and ready to go to war; major powers manipulated nationalist aspirations to further their imperial interests. [1]
• The Balkans, inhabited by Slavs, were largely under the Ottoman Empire, which was disintegrating despite modernisation efforts. [1]
• Balkan states, each claiming independence on grounds of history and nationality, wanted to gain territory at the others’ expense. [1]
• Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary competed for control; this rivalry led to a series of wars and finally the First World War. [1]

175. Ans.

• The Ottoman Empire’s attempts at modernisation and internal reform had only limited success. [1]
• Romantic nationalist ideas spread, encouraging the Balkan peoples to seek independence. [1]
• One by one, the European subject nationalities of the empire broke away and declared independence. [1]
• Balkan peoples based their claims on history, arguing that they had once been independent but were subjugated by foreign powers. [1]
• As the Ottoman Empire collapsed, big power rivalry, and competing territorial claims among Balkan states, made the region explosive. [1]

176. Ans.

• In the first half, liberal nationalism stood for liberty, equality before law, constitution and the right of nations to self-determination. [1]
• Revolutions in 1830 and 1848, the Greek independence struggle and Mazzini’s movements reflected these ideals. [1]
• After 1848, nationalism was taken over by conservative groups: Prussia’s unification of Germany under Bismarck used ‘blood and iron’. [1]
• By the last quarter of the century nationalism had become narrow and intolerant, with rivalry between states and imperial ambitions. [1]
• The Balkan problem and great-power rivalries show how aggressive nationalism contributed to the First World War. [1]

177. Ans.

• Both were divided into many states in the early nineteenth century and lacked national unity. [1]
• Germany was unified under Prussia through Bismarck’s three wars (against Denmark, Austria and France); Italy was unified under Sardinia-Piedmont through Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi. [1]
• Both used war and diplomacy; Cavour allied with France, whereas Bismarck defeated France. [1]
• In Germany, the Prussian army and bureaucracy were crucial; in Italy, Garibaldi’s volunteers and the support of local peasants mattered. [1]
• Both ended in the proclamation of monarchs – William I at Versailles (1871) and Victor Emmanuel II (1861). [1]

178. Ans.

• The 1848 revolution of the liberals was led by educated middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. [1]
• They demanded constitutionalism with national unification: a constitution, freedom of the press and association. [1]
• The Frankfurt Parliament was a product of their efforts; it drafted a constitution for the German nation. [1]
• They resisted the demands of workers and artisans and denied women suffrage, which narrowed their support. [1]
• The monarchs and the army were able to suppress them; yet their ideas continued to influence later developments. [1]

179. Ans.

• The Revolution proclaimed that the nation consisted of citizens (le citoyen) living in a common fatherland (la patrie). [1]
• A new flag, the tricolour, replaced the royal standard. [1]
• The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly; new hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated the nation. [1]
• A centralised administration, uniform laws, and the abolition of internal duties provided unity; uniform weights and measures were adopted. [1]
• French became the national language; the Jacobin clubs and the revolutionary wars spread such ideas outside France. [1]

180. Ans.

• Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, made four prints in 1848 visualising a world of democratic and social republics. [1]
• The Statue of Liberty holds the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other; the symbols of absolutist institutions lie in ruins. [1]
• The peoples of the world pass in procession, identified by flags and costume; the USA and Switzerland lead, France with the tricolour and Germany with the black, red and gold flag follow. [1]
• Other nations, such as Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia, are shown further back. [1]
• It shows the liberal-nationalist dream of 1848: brotherhood among free nations, democracy and the fall of absolutism. [1]

181. Ans.

• Monarchs and conservative forces still controlled the armies and administration, and used force to suppress the revolts. [1]
• The liberal middle classes were divided from the workers and artisans, whose demands they resisted. [1]
• Women’s participation was ignored; the Frankfurt Parliament was disbanded by troops after the King of Prussia rejected the crown. [1]
• However, the old order could not be fully restored; monarchs realised the need to grant concessions. [1]
• Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in the Habsburg dominions and Russia, and Hungary gained autonomy in 1867. [1]

182. Ans.

• Poland had been partitioned in the late eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia and Austria and no longer existed as an independent state. [1]
• Culture was used to keep the national feeling alive: Karol Kurpinski turned folk dances such as the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. [1]
• After the failed rebellion of 1831, Russian was imposed everywhere, and the Polish clergy used Polish for Church gatherings and religious teaching. [1]
• Many priests and bishops were jailed or sent to Siberia for refusing to preach in Russian. [1]
• Thus the Polish language became a symbol of resistance against Russian dominance. [1]

183. Ans.

• The Habsburg Empire included German-speaking Austrians, Magyars (Hungary), Czechs and Slovaks (Bohemia), Poles (Galicia), Italians (Lombardy–Venetia), Slovenes, Croats and Romanians. [1]
• There was no common identity; the empire was held together by the dynasty, aristocracy and Church. [1]
• Nationalist ideas encouraged each community to demand its own nation-state. [1]
• The rise of liberal-nationalist movements in Italy and Hungary challenged Habsburg control. [1]
• After 1848, to keep the empire together, the Habsburgs granted concessions such as autonomy to Hungarians in 1867. [1]

184. Ans.

• The Congress of Vienna (1815) left the German Confederation of 39 states untouched and gave Austria control of northern Italy, creating nationalist resentment. [1]
• The Zollverein (1834), formed by Prussia, brought German states together economically. [1]
• Secret societies (Carbonari, Young Italy) trained revolutionaries in Italy and the German states. [1]
• Liberal middle classes demanded national unity through constitutions and parliaments. [1]
• These developments laid the foundation for the unification of Germany (1871) and Italy (1861). [1]

185. Ans.

• He destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field incorporated revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient. [1]
• The Civil Code of 1804 abolished birth-based privileges, established equality before law and secured property rights. [1]
• In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudalism and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. [1]
• Guild restrictions were removed, and transport and communication were improved. [1]
• Reactions were mixed because the new arrangements brought higher taxes, censorship and forced conscription instead of political freedom. [1]

186. Ans.

• Liberalism and nationalism stood for constitutions, popular sovereignty and nation-states, and challenged the dynastic monarchies of Europe. [1]
• The Habsburg Empire’s multi-national character meant national movements could break it up. [1]
• Conservatives like Metternich imposed censorship laws on newspapers, books, plays and songs. [1]
• Revolutionary movements were crushed by the army; secret societies like Young Italy were hunted down. [1]
• Leaders such as Mazzini were exiled and described as dangerous enemies of the social order. [1]

187. Ans.

• Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel II; he was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. [1]
• He belonged to the rich, educated elite, and spoke French much better than Italian. [1]
• He engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. [1]
• With Garibaldi’s volunteers conquering the south in 1860, the regions joined the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. [1]
• In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. [1]

188. Ans.

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. [1]
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe stimulated the Greek struggle for independence, which began in 1821. [1]
• Nationalists in Greece got support from many Greeks living in exile and from West Europeans who had sympathy for ancient Greek culture. [1]
• Poets and artists praised Greece as the cradle of European civilisation; Lord Byron raised funds and later fought, dying of fever in 1824. [1]
• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. [1]

189. Ans.

• The French Revolution of 1789 introduced the ideas of the nation, citizen and equality. [1]
• Napoleon’s administrative reforms and the Civil Code spread ideas of uniformity and equality. [1]
• The growth of the middle class, industrialisation, and demands for economic unity and liberal ideas. [1]
• Romantic culture – folk songs, language, poetry – created a sense of shared heritage. [1]
• Opposition to autocratic and foreign rule led to revolutions in 1830 and 1848 and to struggles in Greece, Poland and Italy. [1]

190. Ans.

• The German middle-class associations decided to hold an all-German National Assembly election. [1]
• 831 elected representatives met in the Church of St Paul on 18 May 1848. [1]
• They drafted a constitution for a German nation headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. [1]
• Since Prussia was the strongest German state, the crown was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV. [1]
• He rejected it, and the assembly, having alienated workers and artisans, was disbanded by troops. [1]

191. Ans.

• After 1848, nationalism in Germany was no longer a movement of the liberal middle classes but was taken over by conservatives. [1]
• Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. [1]
• Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with the help of the army and the bureaucracy. [1]
• Three wars with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory. [1]
• The Prussian king William I was proclaimed German Emperor in 1871; Prussian practices became models. [1]

192. Ans.

• Artists in the nineteenth century personified the nation as a female figure, not representing a real woman but an abstract idea. [1]
• In France, the female figure was named Marianne, and in Germany, Germania. [1]
• Marianne wore the red cap and carried the tricolour; Germania wore a crown of oak leaves. [1]
• Statues, coins, stamps and paintings placed these figures before the public, fostering identification with the nation. [1]
• Sorrieu’s prints showed ordinary people of different nations marching together in national costume towards liberty. [1]

193. Ans.

• Garibaldi was the leader of armed volunteers (the ‘Red Shirts’) who joined the movement for Italian unification. [1]
• In 1860 his volunteers marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. [1]
• He succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants of the south. [1]
• He drove out the Spanish (Bourbon) rulers from the south. [1]
• In 1861 the south joined the north, and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. [1]

194. Ans.

• Yes. In the first half nationalism was linked to liberal ideals of freedom, equality and constitutional government and encouraged the unification of Germany and Italy. [1]
• In the late nineteenth century nationalism lost its idealistic sentiments and became a narrow creed with limited ends. [1]
• Nationalist groups became intolerant of each other and ready to go to war. [1]
• Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations of subject peoples for their imperialist aims. [1]
• This was most visible in the Balkans, which led to the First World War. [1]

195. Ans.

• The German-speaking regions were divided into many states with different currencies and tariffs. [1]
• The Zollverein (1834) and railways created economic unity. [1]
• The middle classes wanted a constitution and a parliament; the Frankfurt Parliament (1848) tried to draft one. [1]
• After the failure of 1848, Prussia, under Bismarck, used the army and wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unify. [1]
• On 18 January 1871, William I was proclaimed Emperor at Versailles and the new German Empire emerged. [1]

196. Ans.

• The 1815 settlement restored monarchies and created an autocratic conservative order, with Metternich as its leading figure. [1]
• It ignored nationalist aspirations, e.g., leaving Germany divided in 39 states and giving northern Italy to Austria. [1]
• This led to resentment; liberal-nationalists formed secret societies such as the Carbonari and Young Italy. [1]
• The revolutions of 1830 (France, Belgium) and 1848 challenged the settlement. [1]
• Though suppressed, they led to concessions and eventually to the unification of Germany and Italy. [1]

197. Ans.

• In the 1830s–40s, Europe’s population grew, and small producers suffered from competition from cheap imports; peasants were burdened with feudal dues. [1]
• In 1845, Silesian weavers protested against contractors who cut their payments; 11 were shot when the army was called in. [1]
• In 1848, food shortages and unemployment forced Parisians onto the streets; Louis Philippe fled. [1]
• A Republic was proclaimed with suffrage for all adult males above 21 and the right to work. [1]
• Thus economic hardship interacted with political ideas, intensifying revolutionary movements across Europe. [1]

198. Ans.

• It completed the process of German unification begun by Prussia under Bismarck after wars with Denmark, Austria and France. [1]
• Prussian King William I became German Emperor; the new state was dominated by Prussia. [1]
• The ceremony at Versailles, in France’s own palace, followed Prussia’s victory over France. [1]
• The new Reich emphasised the modernisation of currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. [1]
• It showed that German nationalism now rested on the army, the state and the monarchy, not on the liberal middle classes of 1848. [1]

199. Ans.

• Napoleon spread revolutionary ideas of equality, liberty and the Civil Code across Europe. [1]
• His reforms abolished feudalism, serfdom and guild restrictions and introduced uniform laws in the territories he conquered. [1]
• Heavy taxation, censorship and conscription provoked hostility and strengthened nationalist feeling against French rule. [1]
• After his defeat in 1815, the Congress of Vienna restored the old monarchies and created a conservative order. [1]
• The restoration could not erase the ideas of liberty and nationalism, leading to the revolts of 1830 and 1848. [1]

200. Ans.

• In 1789 the French Revolution overthrew the monarchy and proclaimed the sovereignty of the people. [1]
• After 1815, the Bourbons were restored; the July Revolution of 1830 overthrew them and installed Louis Philippe as a constitutional monarch. [1]
• Metternich said, ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’; Belgium separated from the Netherlands. [1]
• In 1848, food shortages and unemployment led to a revolt in Paris; Louis Philippe fled and a Republic was proclaimed with male suffrage. [1]
• Each French revolution inspired liberal-nationalist uprisings elsewhere, demonstrating the strong influence of France on Europe. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. French Revolution (1789): la patrie, le citoyen, tricolour, National Assembly; Napoleonic Code (1804): equality before law, right to property, end of feudal dues.
2. Liberalism: freedom + equality before law; political – constitution and representative government; economic – free markets. Voting right was limited to property-owning men.
3. Zollverein (1834): customs union started by Prussia; currencies reduced from over 30 to 2. Railways strengthened economic nationalism.
4. Congress of Vienna (1815): hosted by Metternich; Bourbons restored; Kingdom of the Netherlands; Genoa added to Piedmont; 39-state German Confederation left untouched.
5. Mazzini (born Genoa 1807): Carbonari, Young Italy (Marseilles), Young Europe (Berne). July Revolution 1830: Louis Philippe; Belgium separated from the Netherlands.
6. Greek independence: struggle began 1821; Lord Byron died 1824; Treaty of Constantinople 1832. Romanticism: Herder (das volk), Kurpinski; Polish language as resistance after 1831.
7. 1845 Silesian weavers (11 shot, 4 June); 1848 Paris revolt – republic, male suffrage above 21. Frankfurt Parliament: 18 May 1848, 831 deputies, Church of St Paul; crown rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
8. Germany: Bismarck, wars with Denmark, Austria, France; William I proclaimed Emperor at Versailles, January 1871. Italy: seven states, Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II king in 1861.
9. Britain: Act of Union (1707), Ireland incorporated 1801 (Wolfe Tone, 1798). Allegories: Marianne (France), Germania (oak leaves). Balkans + imperial rivalry led to the First World War.

********