CBSE Class 10 SST Geography Ch6 – Manufacturing Industries (20 each)

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Geography Ch6 · Manufacturing Industries

CBSE · NCERT

Manufacturing Industries – Question Bank

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

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Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Name : ..................

Questions : 110Total Marks : 250

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X Contemporary India – II (Geography), Chapter 6 (Manufacturing Industries), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.20 are MCQs of 1 mark each (20 marks). Section B: Q.21 to Q.40 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (20 marks).
3. Section C: Q.41 to Q.60, Statement-based questions, 1 mark each (20 marks). Section D: Q.61 to Q.80, Short Answer, 3 marks each (60 marks), about 60–80 words. Section E: Q.81 to Q.100, Long Answer, 5 marks each (100 marks), about 120–150 words. Section F: Q.101 to Q.110, Value-based questions, 3 marks each (30 marks).
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.20 Choose the correct option.20 × 1 = 20

1. Manufacturing is a –

(a) primary activity(b) secondary activity(c) tertiary activity(d) only a service

2. Which of the following is an agro-based industry?

(a) Iron and steel(b) Cement(c) Cotton textile(d) Aluminium

3. Which of the following is a mineral-based industry?

(a) Sugar(b) Jute(c) Cement(d) Tea

4. Industries that supply their products as raw material to other industries are called –

(a) basic or key industries(b) consumer industries(c) cooperative industries(d) small-scale industries

5. Which of the following is a consumer industry?

(a) Iron and steel(b) Aluminium smelting(c) Copper smelting(d) Sugar

6. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) belongs to the –

(a) private sector(b) joint sector(c) cooperative sector(d) public sector

7. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) is a –

(a) public sector industry(b) joint sector industry(c) private sector industry(d) cooperative sector industry

8. Oil India Limited is an example of the –

(a) joint sector(b) public sector(c) private sector(d) cooperative sector

9. The sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala are examples of the –

(a) public sector(b) private sector(c) cooperative sector(d) joint sector

10. The first successful cotton textile mill in India was set up in –

(a) Mumbai(b) Ahmedabad(c) Kolkata(d) Chennai

11. Jute mills in India are mostly located along the –

(a) Hugli river in West Bengal(b) Ganga in Uttar Pradesh(c) Godavari(d) Narmada

12. India's position in the production of raw jute and jute goods is –

(a) second(b) largest producer(c) fifth(d) last

13. Which of the following is the basic raw material mix for the iron and steel industry?

(a) Bauxite, mica and salt(b) Cotton, jute and silk(c) Sand, gypsum and salt(d) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone

14. The first successful iron and steel plant in India, TISCO, was set up at –

(a) Bhilai(b) Rourkela(c) Bokaro(d) Sakchi (Jamshedpur)

15. Which of the following steel plants is in Chhattisgarh?

(a) Durgapur(b) Bhilai(c) Rourkela(d) Bokaro

16. Which agency markets steel for the public sector plants?

(a) NTPC(b) SAIL(c) ONGC(d) BHEL

17. Which industry is the second most important metallurgical industry in India?

(a) Copper smelting(b) Zinc smelting(c) Aluminium smelting(d) Lead smelting

18. The cement industry needs –

(a) limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum(b) bauxite and mica(c) cotton and jute(d) coal and oil only

19. Which city is known as the electronic capital of India?

(a) Mumbai(b) Chennai(c) Delhi(d) Bengaluru

20. Hot water discharged from factories into rivers causes –

(a) noise pollution(b) thermal pollution(c) air pollution only(d) soil pollution only

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.21 – Q.40 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.20 × 1 = 20

21. Assertion (A): Manufacturing is the backbone of economic development.
Reason (R): It modernises agriculture and provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

22. Assertion (A): The jute industry is concentrated along the Hugli.
Reason (R): The area has jute-growing regions nearby, cheap water transport and abundant water.

23. Assertion (A): Sugar mills are located near sugarcane fields.
Reason (R): Sugarcane is bulky and loses its sucrose content if not crushed soon.

24. Assertion (A): Iron and steel plants are located near raw material sources.
Reason (R): The raw materials are heavy and bulky and cost more to transport.

25. Assertion (A): Aluminium smelters require a reliable source of cheap power.
Reason (R): Aluminium smelting consumes a large amount of electricity.

26. Assertion (A): Industries should be located after considering pollution control.
Reason (R): Industries cause air, water, thermal and noise pollution.

27. Assertion (A): Cement plants are set up near limestone deposits.
Reason (R): Limestone is a bulky raw material.

28. Assertion (A): Cotton textile industry is the largest employer after agriculture.
Reason (R): BHEL is a public sector industry.

29. Assertion (A): Bhilai steel plant is in Chhattisgarh.
Reason (R): Rourkela steel plant is in Odisha.

30. Assertion (A): Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.
Reason (R): The first modern cotton mill was in Mumbai.

31. Assertion (A): TISCO was set up at Sakchi in 1907.
Reason (R): SAIL markets steel for public sector plants.

32. Assertion (A): Basic industries supply raw material to other industries.
Reason (R): Sugar and fans are basic industries.

33. Assertion (A): The National Jute Policy was formulated to support the jute industry.
Reason (R): Jute has no competition from synthetic substitutes.

34. Assertion (A): Public sector industries are owned by the government.
Reason (R): TISCO is a public sector industry.

35. Assertion (A): Thermal pollution damages aquatic life.
Reason (R): It is caused by cold water discharged into rivers.

36. Assertion (A): Agglomeration economies benefit industries.
Reason (R): Industries located together gain no advantage.

37. Assertion (A): Manufacturing has no role in reducing unemployment.
Reason (R): It provides jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

38. Assertion (A): The jute industry is concentrated in Rajasthan.
Reason (R): The Hugli basin has most jute mills.

39. Assertion (A): Cotton textile is a mineral-based industry.
Reason (R): Cotton textile is an agro-based industry.

40. Assertion (A): Aluminium smelting uses iron ore as its raw material.
Reason (R): Bauxite is the raw material for aluminium.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.41 – Q.60 Read the two statements and choose the correct option.20 × 1 = 20

41. Statement I: Manufacturing is a secondary activity.
Statement II: Manufacturing turns raw materials into more valuable products.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

42. Statement I: Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are raw materials of the iron and steel industry.
Statement II: These are used roughly in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

43. Statement I: Jute mills are concentrated along the Hugli.
Statement II: India is the largest producer of raw jute.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

44. Statement I: Thermal pollution is caused by hot water discharged into rivers.
Statement II: Noise pollution is caused by machines and generators.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

45. Statement I: Bengaluru is called the electronic capital of India.
Statement II: Software Technology Parks have been set up to boost IT industry.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

46. Statement I: Sugar is a basic industry.
Statement II: Sugar mills are located near cane fields.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

47. Statement I: Aluminium smelting is a consumer industry.
Statement II: Bauxite is the main raw material of aluminium.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

48. Statement I: Cement industry uses bauxite as the main raw material.
Statement II: Cement uses limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

49. Statement I: The first modern cotton mill was set up at Kolkata.
Statement II: The first modern cotton mill was set up at Mumbai in 1854.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

50. Statement I: TISCO was set up at Bhilai.
Statement II: TISCO was set up at Sakchi in 1907.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

51. Statement I: BHEL is a private sector industry.
Statement II: TISCO is a public sector industry.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

52. Statement I: Bokaro steel plant is in Odisha.
Statement II: Rourkela is in Jharkhand.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

53. Statement I: Aluminium is heavy and corrodes quickly.
Statement II: Aluminium is a poor conductor.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

54. Statement I: Agro-based industries use minerals as raw material.
Statement II: Iron and steel is an agro-based industry.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

55. Statement I: Sugar industries are shifting to north India.
Statement II: Cane in the south has lower sucrose content.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

56. Statement I: Cooperative sector industries are owned by producers or workers.
Statement II: The coir industry in Kerala is a public sector industry.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

57. Statement I: Oil India Limited is a joint sector industry.
Statement II: Joint sector industries are run only by the state.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

58. Statement I: Cotton textile industry is the largest employer after agriculture.
Statement II: It contributes about 40 per cent of GDP.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

59. Statement I: Bajaj Auto Limited is a private sector industry.
Statement II: SAIL is a private sector industry.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

60. Statement I: The first successful iron and steel plant, TISCO, was set up in 1907.
Statement II: It was set up by the government.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

61. What is manufacturing? Why is it called the backbone of economic development?(3)

62. How does manufacturing help in reducing regional disparities?(3)

63. What are agro-based industries? Give examples.(3)

64. What are mineral-based industries? Give examples.(3)

65. Distinguish between basic or key industries and consumer industries.(3)

66. Classify industries on the basis of ownership with one example each.(3)

67. Distinguish between heavy and light industries.(3)

68. State any three factors affecting the location of industries.(3)

69. What are agglomeration economies?(3)

70. Why is the cotton textile industry important for India?(3)

71. State any three problems of the cotton textile industry.(3)

72. Why is the jute industry concentrated in the Hugli basin?(3)

73. State the problems of the jute industry.(3)

74. Why is the sugar industry shifting to the south and west?(3)

75. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?(3)

76. Name the raw materials of the iron and steel industry and the ratio in which they are used.(3)

77. State the challenges faced by the iron and steel industry.(3)

78. Why is aluminium smelting an important industry? Where are its plants?(3)

79. What are the main types of chemical industries? Give examples.(3)

80. What is industrial pollution? Name its types.(3)

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

81. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries for the national economy.(5)

82. Classify industries on the basis of raw material, role, capital investment, ownership and weight of raw material.(5)

83. Explain the factors affecting the location of industries.(5)

84. Describe the cotton textile industry in India.(5)

85. Describe the location and problems of the jute industry in India.(5)

86. Describe the sugar industry in India.(5)

87. Explain the iron and steel industry in India.(5)

88. Why is the iron and steel industry concentrated in the Chotanagpur plateau region?(5)

89. Describe aluminium smelting in India.(5)

90. Describe the chemical and fertiliser industries of India.(5)

91. Describe the cement industry in India.(5)

92. Explain the automobile and IT and electronics industries.(5)

93. Explain the different types of pollution caused by industries.(5)

94. Suggest measures to control industrial pollution.(5)

95. How is the NTPC an example of environmental protection?(5)

96. Why are industries concentrated in certain regions? Explain agglomeration economies.(5)

97. Describe the role of the public sector and cooperative sector in manufacturing.(5)

98. Why has the iron and steel industry not been able to perform to its full potential?(5)

99. Discuss how industry and agriculture are interdependent.(5)

100. Explain India's textile industry as the only industry in the country that is self-reliant and complete in value chain, with its problems.(5)

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

101. Why should industries treat waste before discharging it into rivers?(3)

102. What measures can you take to reduce noise pollution in your area?(3)

103. Why should consumers prefer products of small-scale and cooperative industries?(3)

104. Why is it important for factories to follow safety rules for workers?(3)

105. How can students help reduce industrial pollution?(3)

106. Why should industries plant trees around their sites?(3)

107. What is the value of using jute bags instead of plastic bags?(3)

108. Why should the government encourage industries in backward areas?(3)

109. What values do cooperative industries like Maharashtra's sugar mills promote?(3)

110. Why must industrial growth be sustainable?(3)

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CBSE · NCERT

Manufacturing Industries – Solutions

Geography · Chapter 6

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Total Marks : 250

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.20)

1. (b)	2. (c)	3. (c)	4. (a)	5. (d)	6. (d)	7. (c)	8. (a)	9. (c)	10. (a)
11. (a)	12. (b)	13. (d)	14. (d)	15. (b)	16. (b)	17. (c)	18. (a)	19. (d)	20. (b)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.21 – Q.40)

21. (a)	22. (a)	23. (a)	24. (a)	25. (a)	26. (a)	27. (a)	28. (b)	29. (b)	30. (b)
31. (b)	32. (c)	33. (c)	34. (c)	35. (c)	36. (c)	37. (d)	38. (d)	39. (d)	40. (d)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (b) secondary activity

Manufacturing converts raw materials into more valuable finished goods; it is a secondary activity.

2. Ans. (c) Cotton textile

Cotton, woollen, jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oil industries are agro-based.

3. Ans. (c) Cement

Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools and petrochemicals are mineral-based.

4. Ans. (a) basic or key industries

Iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting are basic or key industries.

5. Ans. (d) Sugar

Sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines and fans are consumer industries.

6. Ans. (d) public sector

BHEL and SAIL are public sector industries.

7. Ans. (c) private sector industry

TISCO, Bajaj Auto Limited and Dabur are private sector industries.

8. Ans. (a) joint sector

Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and private individuals.

9. Ans. (c) cooperative sector

They are owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

10. Ans. (a) Mumbai

The first successful modern cotton mill was established at Mumbai in 1854.

11. Ans. (a) Hugli river in West Bengal

The Hugli river belt has the greatest concentration of jute mills.

12. Ans. (b) largest producer

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and the second largest exporter after Bangladesh.

13. Ans. (d) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone

Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are used in the ratio of roughly 4 : 2 : 1.

14. Ans. (d) Sakchi (Jamshedpur)

TISCO was set up at Sakchi in Jharkhand in 1907.

15. Ans. (b) Bhilai

Bhilai is in Chhattisgarh, Durgapur in West Bengal, Rourkela in Odisha and Bokaro in Jharkhand.

16. Ans. (b) SAIL

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) markets steel for public sector plants.

17. Ans. (c) Aluminium smelting

Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion and a good conductor of heat.

18. Ans. (a) limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum

These are bulky raw materials used for cement.

19. Ans. (d) Bengaluru

Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.

20. Ans. (b) thermal pollution

Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

21. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains how manufacturing supports development.

22. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R gives the advantages that explain the location.

23. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains A.

24. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains A.

25. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains A.

26. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains A.

27. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true. R explains A.

28. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

29. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; separate facts.

30. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; unrelated.

31. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

32. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true. R is false: sugar and fans are consumer industries.

33. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true. R is false: synthetics and countries like Bangladesh compete with jute.

34. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true. R is false: TISCO is a private sector industry.

35. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true. R is false: it is caused by hot water.

36. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true. R is false: they gain from shared services, banking and transport.

37. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false. R is true.

38. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false. R is true.

39. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false. R is true.

40. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false. R is true.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions)

Quick Answer Key – Statement-Based (Q.41 – Q.60)

41. (a)	42. (a)	43. (a)	44. (a)	45. (a)	46. (c)	47. (c)	48. (c)	49. (c)	50. (c)
51. (d)	52. (d)	53. (d)	54. (d)	55. (d)	56. (b)	57. (b)	58. (b)	59. (b)	60. (b)

41. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

42. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

43. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

44. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

45. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

46. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

47. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

48. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

49. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

50. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

51. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

52. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

53. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

54. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

55. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct; sugar mills are shifting to the south and west.

56. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong. The coir industry in Kerala is in the cooperative sector.

57. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong. Joint sector industries are run jointly by the state and private individuals.

58. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong. It contributes about 4 per cent of GDP.

59. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong. SAIL is a public sector industry.

60. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong. TISCO was a private company.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

61. Ans.

• Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. [1]
• It modernises agriculture and reduces dependence on it by creating jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors. [1]
• It brings foreign exchange through exports and helps eradicate unemployment and poverty. [1]

62. Ans.

• Industries are established in tribal and backward areas. [1]
• This creates jobs and brings development to those regions. [1]
• Thus it reduces regional imbalances. [1]

63. Ans.

• Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials. [1]
• Cotton, woollen, jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oil industries. [1]
• They link agriculture and industry. [1]

64. Ans.

• Industries that use minerals as raw materials. [1]
• Iron and steel, cement, aluminium and machine tools. [1]
• Petrochemicals are also mineral-based. [1]

65. Ans.

• Basic industries supply raw materials to other industries, e.g. iron and steel. [1]
• Consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers, e.g. sugar and paper. [1]
• Copper smelting is basic; fans and toothpaste are consumer goods. [1]

66. Ans.

• Public sector: BHEL and SAIL. [1]
• Private sector: TISCO, Bajaj Auto and Dabur. [1]
• Joint sector: Oil India Limited; cooperative sector: sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerala. [1]

67. Ans.

• Heavy industries use bulky and heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods, e.g. iron and steel. [1]
• Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods, e.g. electrical goods. [1]
• Weight of raw material and finished product is the basis. [1]

68. Ans.

• Availability of raw material and labour. [1]
• Capital, power and market. [1]
• Transport and other infrastructure; agglomeration economies. [1]

69. Ans.

• Benefits that industries get by locating near each other. [1]
• Cities provide banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice. [1]
• Many industries cluster around such centres. [1]

70. Ans.

• It contributes about 4 per cent of GDP and about 14 per cent of industrial production. [1]
• It is the largest employer after agriculture. [1]
• It earns foreign exchange and supports agriculture and the handloom sector. [1]

71. Ans.

• Erratic power supply. [1]
• Outdated machinery. [1]
• Low labour productivity and stiff competition from synthetic fibres. [1]

72. Ans.

• Proximity of jute-growing areas and inexpensive water transport. [1]
• Good network of railways, roadways and waterways. [1]
• Abundant water for processing, cheap labour and Kolkata's banking, insurance and port facilities. [1]

73. Ans.

• Stiff competition from synthetic substitutes. [1]
• Competition from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. [1]
• Need to improve quality and diversify products; National Jute Policy 2005 was formulated. [1]

74. Ans.

• Cane in Maharashtra and the south has higher sucrose content. [1]
• Cooler climate allows a longer crushing season. [1]
• Cooperatives are successful in these regions. [1]

75. Ans.

• All other industries depend on it for machines and tools. [1]
• It is a heavy industry needing bulky raw materials. [1]
• Its products are used in construction, transport and engineering. [1]

76. Ans.

• Iron ore, coking coal and limestone. [1]
• They are used in the ratio of roughly 4 : 2 : 1. [1]
• Manganese is also needed to harden steel. [1]

77. Ans.

• High costs and limited availability of coking coal. [1]
• Lower productivity of labour. [1]
• Irregular supply of energy and poor infrastructure. [1]

78. Ans.

• Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion and a good conductor. [1]
• It is used in aircraft, utensils and electrical wires. [1]
• Plants are in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. [1]

79. Ans.

• Organic: petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic fibres, dyes and drugs. [1]
• Inorganic: sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda. [1]
• They contribute about 3 per cent of GDP. [1]

80. Ans.

• Contamination of the environment by industrial activities. [1]
• Air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution and noise pollution. [1]
• Soil and land pollution also occur. [1]

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

81. Ans.

• Manufacturing modernises agriculture and reduces dependence on it by providing secondary and tertiary jobs. [1]
• It helps eradicate unemployment and poverty. [1]
• It reduces regional disparities by setting up industries in tribal and backward areas. [1]
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings foreign exchange. [1]
• Agriculture and industry go hand in hand; agro-based industries raise farm productivity. [1]

82. Ans.

• Raw material: agro-based and mineral-based. [1]
• Role: basic or key industries and consumer industries. [1]
• Capital investment: small-scale and large-scale. [1]
• Ownership: public, private, joint and cooperative. [1]
• Weight: heavy industries and light industries. [1]

83. Ans.

• Availability of raw material and labour. [1]
• Capital and power supply. [1]
• Market and transport facilities. [1]
• Government policies and agglomeration economies. [1]
• Industries are located where costs are minimum. [1]

84. Ans.

• The first successful mill was set up in Mumbai in 1854. [1]
• It was concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat because of the cotton belt, moist climate and ports. [1]
• It contributes about 4 per cent of GDP and about 14 per cent of industrial production. [1]
• It is the largest employer after agriculture. [1]
• Problems: erratic power, outdated machinery, low labour productivity and competition from synthetics. [1]

85. Ans.

• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. [1]
• Most mills are along the Hugli in West Bengal. [1]
• Reasons: jute-growing areas nearby, cheap water transport, good transport network, abundant water and cheap labour. [1]
• Kolkata provides banking, insurance and port facilities. [1]
• Problems: competition from synthetics and other countries; National Jute Policy 2005 was introduced. [1]

86. Ans.

• India is the second largest producer of sugar. [1]
• Sugarcane is bulky and loses sucrose if not crushed quickly, so mills are near fields. [1]
• Mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. [1]
• It is a seasonal industry, suited for cooperatives. [1]
• Mills are shifting to the south and west because of higher sucrose content and longer crushing season. [1]

87. Ans.

• It is a basic industry whose products serve the machine, construction and transport industries. [1]
• It needs iron ore, coking coal, limestone and manganese in roughly 4 : 2 : 1 ratio. [1]
• TISCO was set up at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in 1907. [1]
• Plants: Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Vishakhapatnam; SAIL markets steel. [1]
• Challenges: costly coking coal, low labour productivity and irregular energy supply. [1]

88. Ans.

• Low cost of iron ore and nearby coal. [1]
• High grade raw materials in close proximity. [1]
• Cheap labour. [1]
• Vast growth potential in the home market. [1]
• Good rail and road network for transport. [1]

89. Ans.

• It is the second most important metallurgical industry. [1]
• Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor and malleable. [1]
• Bauxite is the raw material. [1]
• It needs reliable and cheap power. [1]
• Plants are in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. [1]

90. Ans.

• Chemical industries are of organic and inorganic types. [1]
• Organic include petrochemicals, plastics, dyes, drugs; inorganic include sulphuric acid and soda ash. [1]
• The chemical industry contributes about 3 per cent of GDP. [1]
• Fertiliser industry makes nitrogenous, phosphatic and complex fertilisers. [1]
• Fertilisers support agriculture, especially after the Green Revolution. [1]

91. Ans.

• It needs limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. [1]
• The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. [1]
• It is located near limestone sources and also where there are ports for export, such as Gujarat. [1]
• Cement is used in construction. [1]
• The industry has expanded since decontrol of prices. [1]

92. Ans.

• Automobiles include trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles. [1]
• Centres: Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. [1]
• Electronics include radios, TVs, computers and telecom equipment. [1]
• Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. [1]
• Software Technology Parks have given boost to IT exports and employment. [1]

93. Ans.

• Air pollution due to gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and dust. [1]
• Water pollution due to organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents. [1]
• Thermal pollution when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers. [1]
• Noise pollution from machines, generators and equipment. [1]
• They harm health and the environment. [1]

94. Ans.

• Reduce use of water by reusing and recycling it. [1]
• Harvest rainwater to meet water needs. [1]
• Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them. [1]
• Use electrostatic precipitators, filters and scrubbers for air pollution. [1]
• Use generators with silencers and promote afforestation. [1]

95. Ans.

• It has afforestation programmes around its plants. [1]
• It utilises ash and reduces waste. [1]
• It reduces pollution by using environmental management systems. [1]
• It is a power producer in the public sector. [1]
• This shows industry can balance development and environment. [1]

96. Ans.

• Industries gain from cheap transport and raw material in a region. [1]
• Cities offer banking, insurance and consultancy. [1]
• Other industries and markets are nearby. [1]
• Skilled labour is available. [1]
• Hence industries cluster in such areas. [1]

97. Ans.

• Public sector: BHEL and SAIL, owned by government. [1]
• Cooperative sector: sugar in Maharashtra and coir in Kerala. [1]
• Cooperatives are owned by producers or workers. [1]
• They protect producers from exploitation. [1]
• Joint and private sectors work alongside. [1]

98. Ans.

• High cost and limited availability of coking coal. [1]
• Low productivity of labour. [1]
• Irregular supply of energy. [1]
• Poor infrastructure. [1]
• Mini steel plants and better technology can help. [1]

99. Ans.

• Agro-based industries use farm products as raw material. [1]
• Industry supplies fertilisers, pesticides and machines to farmers. [1]
• Growth in one helps the other. [1]
• Jobs in industry reduce pressure on land. [1]
• Together they strengthen the economy. [1]

100. Ans.

• It ranges from raw materials to high value-added products. [1]
• It is a major employer, especially for women. [1]
• Spinning is concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. [1]
• Weaving is decentralised to provide employment. [1]
• Problems include power shortage, old machines and competition. [1]

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

101. Ans.

• To prevent water pollution. [1]
• To protect aquatic life and health. [1]
• It shows responsibility toward society. [1]

102. Ans.

• Avoid unnecessary horns and loud music. [1]
• Support the use of silencers. [1]
• Plant trees as buffers. [1]

103. Ans.

• They support local employment. [1]
• They provide fair income to producers. [1]
• They help balanced regional development. [1]

104. Ans.

• To protect workers' lives and health. [1]
• Workers are the real assets. [1]
• It builds trust and productivity. [1]

105. Ans.

• Use products with less packaging. [1]
• Save water and energy. [1]
• Spread awareness about pollution. [1]

106. Ans.

• Trees absorb dust and gases. [1]
• They reduce noise. [1]
• They improve the environment. [1]

107. Ans.

• Jute is biodegradable. [1]
• It supports the jute industry and farmers. [1]
• It reduces plastic pollution. [1]

108. Ans.

• To create employment locally. [1]
• To reduce migration and regional disparity. [1]
• To promote balanced development. [1]

109. Ans.

• Cooperation and shared ownership. [1]
• Fair share to farmers. [1]
• Community development. [1]

110. Ans.

• Resources are limited. [1]
• Pollution harms health. [1]
• Future generations need a clean environment. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. Manufacturing = secondary activity; importance: jobs, exports, reduces regional disparity.
2. Classification: raw material (agro/mineral), role (basic/consumer), ownership (public/private/joint/cooperative), weight (heavy/light).
3. Cotton textile: first mill Mumbai 1854; jute: Hugli belt; sugar: shifting south & west.
4. Iron & steel: iron ore, coking coal, limestone 4:2:1; TISCO 1907 Sakchi; SAIL.
5. Aluminium: bauxite, cheap power; cement: limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum.
6. Bengaluru = electronic capital; Software Technology Parks.
7. Pollution: air, water, thermal, noise; control measures; NTPC example.

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