CBSE Class 10 SST Geography Ch2 – Forest and Wildlife Resources (20 each)

Apna CareerApna CareerApna Career

Geography Ch2 · Forest and Wildlife Resources

CBSE · NCERT

Forest and Wildlife Resources – Question Bank

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Name : ..................

Questions : 110Total Marks : 250

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X Contemporary India – II (Geography), Chapter 2 (Forest and Wildlife Resources), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.20 are MCQs of 1 mark each (20 marks). Section B: Q.21 to Q.40 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (20 marks).
3. Section C: Q.41 to Q.60, Statement-based questions, 1 mark each (20 marks). Section D: Q.61 to Q.80, Short Answer, 3 marks each (60 marks), about 60–80 words. Section E: Q.81 to Q.100, Long Answer, 5 marks each (100 marks), about 120–150 words. Section F: Q.101 to Q.110, Value-based questions, 3 marks each (30 marks).
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.20 Choose the correct option.20 × 1 = 20

1. India is one of the world's richest countries in terms of –

(a) minerals only(b) biodiversity(c) glaciers(d) deserts

2. Approximately how many plant species are found in India?

(a) 4,700(b) 1,00,000(c) 470(d) 47,000

3. About what percentage of India's wild flora is on the threatened list?

(a) 1 per cent(b) 30 per cent(c) 50 per cent(d) 10 per cent

4. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is abbreviated as –

(a) UNEP(b) IUCN(c) WWF(d) CITES

5. Species whose population is declining and likely to be endangered if negative factors continue are –

(a) normal species(b) endemic species(c) vulnerable species(d) extinct species

6. Species with a small population that may move into the endangered or vulnerable category are called –

(a) normal species(b) rare species(c) extinct species(d) endemic species

7. Species found only in some particular areas, usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers, are called –

(a) endemic species(b) normal species(c) rare species(d) vulnerable species

8. Species that are not found after searches of known and likely areas are called –

(a) rare species(b) normal species(c) endemic species(d) extinct species

9. Species whose population levels are considered normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal and pine, are –

(a) normal species(b) rare species(c) vulnerable species(d) endemic species

10. Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972?

(a) Banning hunting(b) Giving legal protection to habitats(c) Allowing hunting of endangered species(d) Restricting trade in wildlife

11. Project Tiger was launched in –

(a) 1973(b) 1952(c) 1972(d) 1988

12. Sunderbans National Park is located in –

(a) Assam(b) Kerala(c) Rajasthan(d) West Bengal

13. Manas Tiger Reserve is in –

(a) Assam(b) Kerala(c) Madhya Pradesh(d) Rajasthan

14. Bandhavgarh National Park is located in –

(a) Uttarakhand(b) Madhya Pradesh(c) Kerala(d) Assam

15. Taxol, an anticancer drug, is extracted from –

(a) Sal(b) Pine(c) Himalayan Yew(d) Neem

16. Which is the highest selling anti-cancer drug in the world?

(a) Quinine(b) Taxol(c) Penicillin(d) Aspirin

17. Forests that are the most valuable as far as conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned are –

(a) protected forests(b) unclassed forests(c) reserved forests(d) private forests

18. Reserved and protected forests are also known as –

(a) permanent forest estates(b) unclassed forests(c) sacred groves(d) private forests

19. The Chipko Movement originated in the –

(a) Western Ghats(b) Thar Desert(c) Deccan Plateau(d) Himalayas

20. Sacred groves are examples of –

(a) modern plantation(b) mining(c) traditional conservation of forests(d) commercial forestry

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.21 – Q.40 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.20 × 1 = 20

21. Assertion (A): India is one of the mega-diversity countries of the world.
Reason (R): It has about 8 per cent of the world's total species.

22. Assertion (A): Forests are important for the ecological balance.
Reason (R): They maintain the water cycle, soil and the quality of air.

23. Assertion (A): The Himalayan Yew is under threat.
Reason (R): Taxol extracted from its bark, needles and roots is used for cancer treatment, leading to over-exploitation.

24. Assertion (A): The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was passed in 1972.
Reason (R): It was to provide legal protection to habitats and to ban hunting.

25. Assertion (A): Project Tiger was launched in 1973.
Reason (R): The tiger population had declined sharply and needed to be conserved.

26. Assertion (A): Tigers have declined sharply in India.
Reason (R): Poaching for trade, shrinking habitat and depletion of prey base have affected them.

27. Assertion (A): Expansion of agriculture has led to loss of forests.
Reason (R): A large area of forest was converted into agricultural land after independence.

28. Assertion (A): Sariska Tiger Reserve is in Rajasthan.
Reason (R): Corbett National Park is in Uttarakhand.

29. Assertion (A): Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India.
Reason (R): The Gangetic dolphin is a vulnerable species.

30. Assertion (A): Black buck is an endangered species.
Reason (R): Hornbill is a rare species.

31. Assertion (A): Andaman teal is an endemic species.
Reason (R): Nicobar pigeon is an endemic species.

32. Assertion (A): Biodiversity is vital to humans.
Reason (R): India has only a few species of plants and animals.

33. Assertion (A): Endangered species are in danger of extinction.
Reason (R): Cattle and sal are endangered species.

34. Assertion (A): Vulnerable species are likely to move into the endangered category.
Reason (R): Blue sheep is an extinct species.

35. Assertion (A): Endemic species are found only in particular areas.
Reason (R): The Andaman teal is found all over India.

36. Assertion (A): Reserved forests are the most valuable forests for conservation.
Reason (R): Reserved forests are open for all kinds of use by villagers.

37. Assertion (A): Reserved forests make up less than one-fourth of total forest land.
Reason (R): More than half of the total forest land is reserved forest.

38. Assertion (A): The Asiatic cheetah is a rare species of India today.
Reason (R): The Asiatic cheetah has not been found after searches and is extinct.

39. Assertion (A): Project Tiger was launched in 1952.
Reason (R): It was launched in 1973 to protect tigers in tiger reserves.

40. Assertion (A): Himalayan Yew is found in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Reason (R): It is found in Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.41 – Q.60 Read the two statements and choose the correct option.20 × 1 = 20

41. Statement I: India is a mega-diversity country.
Statement II: About 8 per cent of the world's species are found in India.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

42. Statement I: Cattle and sal are endangered species.
Statement II: Normal species have a rapidly declining population.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

43. Statement I: Black buck is an endangered species.
Statement II: The Gangetic dolphin is a vulnerable species.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

44. Statement I: Project Tiger was launched in 1973.
Statement II: Corbett Tiger Reserve is located in Kerala.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

45. Statement I: Reserved forests are less than one-fourth of the forest land.
Statement II: Protected forests are the largest category of forests.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

46. Statement I: Taxol is obtained from the Himalayan Yew.
Statement II: Taxol is used in cancer treatment.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

47. Statement I: Chipko is a movement of the Himalayas.
Statement II: Beej Bachao Andolan took place in Tehri.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

48. Statement I: The Andaman teal is an endemic species.
Statement II: It is not found all over India.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

49. Statement I: The Wildlife Protection Act was passed in 1972.
Statement II: It allowed free hunting of endangered species.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

50. Statement I: Madhya Pradesh has the largest permanent forest area.
Statement II: Kerala has the largest permanent forest area.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

51. Statement I: Sariska Tiger Reserve is in Rajasthan.
Statement II: Manas Tiger Reserve is in Kerala.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

52. Statement I: Odisha started Joint Forest Management in 1988.
Statement II: JFM excludes local people.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

53. Statement I: The Asiatic cheetah is a rare species.
Statement II: Pink head duck is an extinct species.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

54. Statement I: Unclassed forests are found in Rajasthan only.
Statement II: Unclassed forests are found mostly in north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

55. Statement I: Hornbill is a normal species.
Statement II: Hornbill is a rare species.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

56. Statement I: Mining has no effect on forests.
Statement II: Mining threatens the Buxa Tiger Reserve.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

57. Statement I: Chipko is a movement in Kerala.
Statement II: Beej Bachao Andolan is a seed conservation movement in Tehri.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

58. Statement I: Project Tiger was launched in 1952.
Statement II: Tigers are found only in Gujarat.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

59. Statement I: Reserved forests allow free grazing.
Statement II: Protected forests are the least valuable.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

60. Statement I: Forests do not affect soil and water.
Statement II: Biodiversity has no importance for humans.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

61. What is biodiversity? Why is India called a mega-diversity country?(3)

62. Why are forests and wildlife important for the ecological balance?(3)

63. Name the categories of species classified by the IUCN.(3)

64. Differentiate between endangered and vulnerable species with an example each.(3)

65. What are endemic and extinct species? Give examples.(3)

66. What are rare species? Give two examples.(3)

67. Mention any three factors responsible for the depletion of flora and fauna.(3)

68. How has the expansion of agriculture led to the loss of forests?(3)

69. How have large-scale development projects affected forests?(3)

70. How does mining affect biodiversity? Give an example.(3)

71. Why has the tiger population declined in India?(3)

72. What is Project Tiger?(3)

73. State the main provisions of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.(3)

74. What are reserved forests? Where are they found?(3)

75. What are protected forests?(3)

76. What are unclassed forests?(3)

77. What is the Chipko Movement?(3)

78. What is the Beej Bachao Andolan? What did it show?(3)

79. What is Joint Forest Management (JFM)?(3)

80. What are sacred groves? Give two examples of communities that protect nature.(3)

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

81. Describe the biodiversity of India and its importance.(5)

82. Explain the categories of species according to the IUCN with examples.(5)

83. Explain the causes of depletion of forests and wildlife in India.(5)

84. How have development projects and mining caused ecological damage? Explain.(5)

85. Why are tigers in danger? Explain Project Tiger.(5)

86. Describe the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.(5)

87. Classify forests into reserved, protected and unclassed forests. Give states.(5)

88. Explain the role of communities in conservation of forests and wildlife.(5)

89. Describe the Chipko Movement and Beej Bachao Andolan.(5)

90. Explain Joint Forest Management and its benefits.(5)

91. How do sacred groves and religious beliefs conserve nature? Give examples.(5)

92. What is the significance of the Himalayan Yew? Why is it threatened?(5)

93. Why is conservation of forests and wildlife necessary?(5)

94. Explain the impact of overgrazing, fuelwood and forest fires on forests.(5)

95. What is the role of the government in conserving forests and wildlife?(5)

96. Distinguish between normal, rare and endemic species.(5)

97. Write a note on the Himalayan Yew, Taxol and the need for its conservation.(5)

98. Describe the efforts for the conservation of tigers and rhinos in India.(5)

99. Explain how loss of habitat affects wildlife.(5)

100. What conservation steps can be taken by ordinary citizens?(5)

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

101. How can students contribute to the protection of forests and wildlife?(3)

102. A group of villagers is cutting trees for fuelwood. How can you convince them to stop?(3)

103. Why should we protect endangered animals like tigers and rhinos?(3)

104. What values do the Bishnoi community's practices teach us?(3)

105. Why is local community participation important for conservation?(3)

106. What should a citizen do on seeing illegal felling or poaching?(3)

107. Why should development projects consider environmental impact?(3)

108. How can we reduce pressure on forests in daily life?(3)

109. What lesson do we learn from the Chipko Movement?(3)

110. Why is it wrong to buy exotic pets or products made from wildlife?(3)

********

CBSE · NCERT

Forest and Wildlife Resources – Solutions

Geography · Chapter 2

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Total Marks : 250

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.20)

1. (b)	2. (d)	3. (d)	4. (b)	5. (c)	6. (b)	7. (a)	8. (d)	9. (a)	10. (c)
11. (a)	12. (d)	13. (a)	14. (b)	15. (c)	16. (b)	17. (c)	18. (a)	19. (d)	20. (c)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.21 – Q.40)

21. (a)	22. (a)	23. (a)	24. (a)	25. (a)	26. (a)	27. (a)	28. (b)	29. (b)	30. (b)
31. (b)	32. (c)	33. (c)	34. (c)	35. (c)	36. (c)	37. (d)	38. (d)	39. (d)	40. (d)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (b) biodiversity

India is among the 12 mega-diversity countries, rich in flora and fauna.

2. Ans. (d) 47,000

India has over 47,000 plant species and about 15,000 flowering plants.

3. Ans. (d) 10 per cent

About 10 per cent of India's wild flora and 20 per cent of mammals are on the threatened list.

4. Ans. (b) IUCN

IUCN classifies plants and animals according to their conservation status.

5. Ans. (c) vulnerable species

These are vulnerable species, e.g. blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin.

6. Ans. (b) rare species

Rare species have a small population, e.g. Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox, hornbill.

7. Ans. (a) endemic species

Endemic species, e.g. Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig and mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.

8. Ans. (d) extinct species

Extinct species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the whole earth.

9. Ans. (a) normal species

Normal species include cattle, sal, pine and rodents.

10. Ans. (c) Allowing hunting of endangered species

The Act bans hunting of endangered species.

11. Ans. (a) 1973

Project Tiger, one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns, was launched in 1973.

12. Ans. (d) West Bengal

Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal is a tiger reserve.

13. Ans. (a) Assam

Manas Tiger Reserve is in Assam.

14. Ans. (b) Madhya Pradesh

Bandhavgarh National Park is in Madhya Pradesh.

15. Ans. (c) Himalayan Yew

Taxol is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of the Himalayan Yew.

16. Ans. (b) Taxol

Taxol from the Himalayan Yew is the highest selling anti-cancer drug.

17. Ans. (c) reserved forests

More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forest.

18. Ans. (a) permanent forest estates

They are maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce, and for protective reasons.

19. Ans. (d) Himalayas

The Chipko movement in the Himalayas saved forests from deforestation.

20. Ans. (c) traditional conservation of forests

Sacred groves are forest patches left untouched by local people and protected by religious beliefs.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

21. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

22. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

23. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

24. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

25. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

26. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

27. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

28. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; separate facts.

29. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

30. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; separate facts.

31. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is another example, not an explanation.

32. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true; R false as India is a mega-diversity country.

33. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true; R false: they are normal species.

34. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true; R false: it is vulnerable.

35. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true; R false: it is endemic to the Andamans.

36. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A true; R false: they are fully protected.

37. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A false; R true.

38. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A false; R true.

39. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A false; R true.

40. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A false; R true.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions)

Quick Answer Key – Statement-Based (Q.41 – Q.60)

41. (a)	42. (d)	43. (a)	44. (b)	45. (d)	46. (a)	47. (a)	48. (a)	49. (b)	50. (b)
51. (b)	52. (b)	53. (c)	54. (c)	55. (c)	56. (c)	57. (c)	58. (d)	59. (d)	60. (d)

41. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

42. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct; cattle and sal are normal species.

43. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

44. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong (Corbett is in Uttarakhand).

45. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct; reserved forests are more than half.

46. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

47. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

48. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

49. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong.

50. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong.

51. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong.

52. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I correct; II wrong.

53. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong (cheetah is extinct); II correct.

54. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

55. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

56. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

57. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I wrong; II correct.

58. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

59. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

60. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

61. Ans.

• Biodiversity is the variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms living in an area. [1]
• India has about 8 per cent of the world's species, estimated at 1.6 million. [1]
• It has about 47,000 plant species and 81,000 faunal species, so it is among the mega-diversity nations. [1]

62. Ans.

• They are vital parts of the ecosystem and maintain the life support systems like water, air and soil. [1]
• They provide food, medicine, timber and fuel to humans. [1]
• Loss of biodiversity disturbs the ecological balance and threatens survival. [1]

63. Ans.

• Normal species, endangered species and vulnerable species. [1]
• Rare species, endemic species. [1]
• Extinct species. [1]

64. Ans.

• Endangered species are in danger of extinction, e.g. black buck, Indian rhino. [1]
• Vulnerable species have a declining population and are likely to become endangered, e.g. blue sheep, Gangetic dolphin. [1]
• So vulnerable is an earlier stage of risk than endangered. [1]

65. Ans.

• Endemic species are found only in some particular areas isolated by natural barriers, e.g. Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, mithun. [1]
• Extinct species are not found after searches of known and likely areas, e.g. Asiatic cheetah and pink head duck. [1]
• Extinct species may be lost from a local area, region, country or the whole earth. [1]

66. Ans.

• Rare species have a small population. [1]
• They may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if negative factors continue. [1]
• Examples are Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill. [1]

67. Ans.

• Expansion of agriculture and conversion of forests into farmland. [1]
• Large-scale development projects, mining and river valley projects. [1]
• Overgrazing, fuelwood collection, poaching and forest fires. [1]

68. Ans.

• After the colonial period, large forest areas were converted into agricultural land. [1]
• Tribal belts of north-eastern and central India saw widespread shifting cultivation. [1]
• This reduced forest cover and wildlife habitats. [1]

69. Ans.

• Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects. [1]
• Such projects continue to destroy forest in many places. [1]
• They also displace people and wildlife. [1]

70. Ans.

• Mining involves clearing forests and loss of habitats. [1]
• Mining has threatened the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal. [1]
• It disturbs wildlife and makes the land degraded. [1]

71. Ans.

• Poaching for trade in tiger skins and bones. [1]
• Shrinking habitat and depletion of prey base. [1]
• Growing human population and development activities. [1]

72. Ans.

• It was launched in 1973 to protect tigers, one of the world's most endangered species. [1]
• Tiger reserves like Corbett, Sunderbans, Bandhavgarh, Sariska, Manas and Periyar were set up. [1]
• It is one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world. [1]

73. Ans.

• Ban on hunting and legal protection to habitats. [1]
• Restriction on trade in wildlife. [1]
• Setting up of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries and lists of protected species. [1]

74. Ans.

• More than half of the total forest land is declared reserved forest. [1]
• They are regarded as the most valuable for conservation. [1]
• They are found in states like Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra. [1]

75. Ans.

• Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest. [1]
• They are protected from further depletion. [1]
• Examples: Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan. [1]

76. Ans.

• Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. [1]
• They are mostly found in north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat. [1]
• They are not reserved or protected. [1]

77. Ans.

• It is a movement of the Himalayas where people hugged trees to stop felling. [1]
• It was a successful movement to save the forests. [1]
• It showed the role of local communities in conservation. [1]

78. Ans.

• A movement in Tehri and Navdanya to conserve seeds. [1]
• It showed that diverse crop production is possible without chemicals. [1]
• It supports traditional crop varieties. [1]

79. Ans.

• A programme that involves local communities in forest management and restoration of degraded forests. [1]
• Odisha passed the first resolution in 1988. [1]
• Villagers get benefits like non-timber forest products. [1]

80. Ans.

• Sacred groves are forest patches left untouched by local people and protected by religion. [1]
• Mundas and Santhals worship Mahua and Kadamba; Bishnoi protect black buck and chinkara. [1]
• They are examples of traditional conservation. [1]

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

81. Ans.

• India is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries with about 8 per cent of the world's species. [1]
• It has about 47,000 plant species and 81,000 fauna species. [1]
• Biodiversity provides food, medicine, timber and ecological services. [1]
• It maintains the ecosystem, air, water and soil. [1]
• Hence its conservation is vital for human survival. [1]

82. Ans.

• Normal species, e.g. cattle, sal, pine and rodents. [1]
• Endangered: black buck, crocodile, Indian rhino, Indian wild ass. [1]
• Vulnerable: blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin; rare: Himalayan brown bear, desert fox, hornbill. [1]
• Endemic: Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, mithun. [1]
• Extinct: Asiatic cheetah and pink head duck. [1]

83. Ans.

• Expansion of agriculture and shifting cultivation. [1]
• Development projects such as river valley projects and mining. [1]
• Overgrazing, fuelwood, forest fires and poaching. [1]
• Habitat destruction and unequal access to resources. [1]
• These have caused loss of habitats and species. [1]

84. Ans.

• Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest cleared for river valley projects. [1]
• Mining destroys forests and wildlife habitats. [1]
• Mining in Buxa Tiger Reserve of West Bengal threatens species. [1]
• These activities lead to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity. [1]
• Sustainable planning and strict regulation are needed. [1]

85. Ans.

• Tiger numbers declined due to poaching for skin and bones. [1]
• Habitat shrinkage and loss of prey. [1]
• Project Tiger launched in 1973. [1]
• Tiger reserves: Corbett, Sunderbans, Bandhavgarh, Sariska, Manas, Periyar. [1]
• It brought focused protection but poaching still threatens tigers, as seen in Sariska. [1]

86. Ans.

• It was implemented in 1972. [1]
• Banned hunting and protected habitats. [1]
• Provided lists of protected species. [1]
• Restricted trade and set up national parks and sanctuaries. [1]
• Later amendments increased protection for endangered species. [1]

87. Ans.

• Reserved forests: more than half of the forest land, e.g. J&K, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra. [1]
• Protected forests: about one-third, e.g. Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal, Odisha, Rajasthan. [1]
• Unclassed forests: government and private lands, mostly in north-eastern states and Gujarat. [1]
• Reserved and protected are permanent forest estates. [1]
• Madhya Pradesh has the largest permanent forests, over 75 per cent. [1]

88. Ans.

• Chipko movement in the Himalayas saved forests. [1]
• Beej Bachao Andolan conserved seeds and crop diversity. [1]
• Joint Forest Management involves villagers; Odisha started it in 1988. [1]
• Sacred groves and Bishnoi protect species. [1]
• Local participation makes conservation successful. [1]

89. Ans.

• Chipko: villagers hugged trees to stop felling in the Himalayas. [1]
• It saved forests and showed people's power. [1]
• Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri conserved traditional seeds. [1]
• Navdanya showed diverse crops are possible without chemicals. [1]
• Both are grassroots conservation efforts. [1]

90. Ans.

• A programme where local communities and the forest department jointly manage forests. [1]
• Started in Odisha in 1988. [1]
• Villagers protect degraded forests. [1]
• In return they get non-timber forest products and a share in timber. [1]
• It improves forests and the livelihood of people. [1]

91. Ans.

• Sacred groves are patches of forest left untouched. [1]
• Protected by local religious beliefs. [1]
• Mundas and Santhals worship Mahua and Kadamba. [1]
• Tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship tamarind and mango. [1]
• Bishnoi protect black buck, chinkara and peacock. [1]

92. Ans.

• It is a medicinal plant of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. [1]
• Taxol is extracted from its bark, needles, twigs and roots. [1]
• Taxol is used for treating cancer and is the highest selling anticancer drug. [1]
• Over-exploitation has led to its decline. [1]
• Conservation and sustainable use are required. [1]

93. Ans.

• They maintain ecological balance. [1]
• Provide water, soil protection and air. [1]
• Provide food, medicine and livelihood. [1]
• Preserve genetic diversity. [1]
• Needed for future generations. [1]

94. Ans.

• Overgrazing damages vegetation. [1]
• Fuelwood collection leads to felling of trees. [1]
• Forest fires destroy flora and fauna. [1]
• Soil erosion increases. [1]
• Controlled use and community protection are needed. [1]

95. Ans.

• Enacted the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. [1]
• Launched Project Tiger in 1973. [1]
• Set up national parks and sanctuaries. [1]
• Promoted JFM. [1]
• Created reserved and protected forests. [1]

96. Ans.

• Normal: population levels are normal, e.g. cattle. [1]
• Rare: small population, e.g. hornbill. [1]
• Endemic: found only in specific isolated areas, e.g. Andaman teal. [1]
• Normal species are abundant. [1]
• Rare and endemic species need special protection. [1]

97. Ans.

• The Himalayan Yew grows in Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. [1]
• Taxol from its bark, needles, twigs and roots treats some cancers. [1]
• It is the highest selling anti-cancer drug. [1]
• Over-use has endangered the plant. [1]
• Controlled harvesting and cultivation can conserve it. [1]

98. Ans.

• Project Tiger since 1973. [1]
• Tiger reserves set up across states. [1]
• Indian rhino in Assam protected under law. [1]
• Anti-poaching measures. [1]
• Habitat protection in national parks and sanctuaries. [1]

99. Ans.

• Species lose food and shelter. [1]
• Populations decline and become endangered. [1]
• Fragmentation isolates species. [1]
• Human-wildlife conflict increases. [1]
• Extinction risk rises. [1]

100. Ans.

• Avoid buying products from wildlife. [1]
• Plant and protect trees. [1]
• Support community forestry. [1]
• Report poaching and illegal felling. [1]
• Spread awareness among others. [1]

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

101. Ans.

• Plant and care for trees. [1]
• Avoid using products made from wildlife. [1]
• Spread awareness in school and community. [1]

102. Ans.

• Explain the harm of deforestation. [1]
• Suggest alternatives like LPG, biogas and solar cookers. [1]
• Encourage community plantations. [1]

103. Ans.

• They maintain ecological balance. [1]
• They are part of our natural heritage. [1]
• Their loss can never be reversed. [1]

104. Ans.

• Compassion towards animals. [1]
• Respect for nature. [1]
• Community responsibility for conservation. [1]

105. Ans.

• Local people know the area best. [1]
• They depend on forests for livelihood. [1]
• Participation ensures protection and sustainable use. [1]

106. Ans.

• Inform forest officials or the police. [1]
• Do not buy illegal wildlife products. [1]
• Support conservation groups. [1]

107. Ans.

• They can destroy forests and habitats. [1]
• Sustainable planning protects future generations. [1]
• Alternatives can minimise damage. [1]

108. Ans.

• Save paper and wood products. [1]
• Recycle and reuse. [1]
• Avoid wasteful consumption. [1]

109. Ans.

• Collective action can protect nature. [1]
• Ordinary people can make a difference. [1]
• Non-violent protest can succeed. [1]

110. Ans.

• It encourages poaching. [1]
• It threatens species survival. [1]
• It is illegal and unethical. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. India: mega-diversity country, ~8% of world species; ~47,000 plant & 81,000 fauna species.
2. IUCN categories: normal, endangered, vulnerable, rare, endemic, extinct (with examples).
3. Causes of depletion: agriculture expansion, shifting cultivation, development projects, mining, overgrazing, poaching.
4. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972; Project Tiger 1973; tiger reserves (Corbett, Sunderbans, Bandhavgarh, Sariska, Manas, Periyar).
5. Forests: reserved (>half), protected (~one-third), unclassed; MP has the largest permanent forests.
6. Community conservation: Chipko, Beej Bachao Andolan, JFM (Odisha 1988), sacred groves, Bishnoi.
7. Himalayan Yew – Taxol (anti-cancer).

********