CBSE Class 10 SST Geography Ch1 – Resources and Development

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Geography Ch1 · Resources and Development

CBSE · NCERT

Resources and Development – Question Bank

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

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Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Name : ..................

Questions : 275Total Marks : 625

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X Contemporary India – II (Geography), Chapter 1 (Resources and Development), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.50 are MCQs of 1 mark each (50 marks). Section B: Q.51 to Q.100 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (50 marks).
3. Section C: Q.101 to Q.150, Statement-based questions, 1 mark each (50 marks). Section D: Q.151 to Q.200, Short Answer, 3 marks each (150 marks), about 60–80 words. Section E: Q.201 to Q.250, Long Answer, 5 marks each (250 marks), about 120–150 words. Section F: Q.251 to Q.275, Value-based questions, 3 marks each (75 marks).
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.50 Choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

1. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable, is called a –

(a) waste(b) resource(c) stock only(d) reserve only

2. Resources are –

(a) free gifts of nature as well as a function of human activities(b) only gifts of nature(c) only products of human beings(d) only minerals

3. Which of the following is a biotic resource?

(a) Rocks(b) Metals(c) Livestock(d) Minerals

4. Which of the following is an abiotic resource?

(a) Metals(b) Fisheries(c) Forests(d) Wildlife

5. On the basis of exhaustibility, resources are classified as –

(a) renewable and non-renewable(b) biotic and abiotic(c) individual and community(d) potential and developed

6. Which of the following is a renewable resource?

(a) Wind energy(b) Coal(c) Petroleum(d) Iron ore

7. Resources like minerals and fossil fuels, which take millions of years to form, are –

(a) renewable resources(b) unlimited resources(c) community resources(d) non-renewable resources

8. Which of the following is a ‘community-owned’ resource?

(a) Village ponds and grazing grounds(b) A private well(c) A plantation owned by a farmer(d) Territorial waters

9. A pasture land owned by an individual is an example of –

(a) an individual resource(b) a community resource(c) a national resource(d) an international resource

10. Within political boundaries, all minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife and land belong to the –

(a) international bodies(b) village communities(c) nation(d) private persons only

11. The territorial waters of a country extend up to –

(a) 50 nautical miles(b) 12 nautical miles from the coast(c) 100 nautical miles(d) 200 nautical miles

12. Oceanic resources beyond ______ nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to the open ocean and are international resources.

(a) 12(b) 200(c) 50(d) 350

13. Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised are called –

(a) developed resources(b) potential resources(c) stock(d) reserves

14. Resources which are surveyed and whose quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are called –

(a) potential resources(b) stock(c) developed resources(d) reserves

15. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but humans lack the technology to access them are –

(a) reserves(b) stock(c) developed resources(d) potential resources

16. Water in dams and forests are examples of –

(a) reserves(b) stock(c) potential resources only(d) non-renewable resources

17. Indiscriminate use of resources has led to –

(a) increase of forests(b) global warming, ozone layer depletion and land degradation(c) equal distribution(d) resource abundance

18. Sustainable development means –

(a) development without damaging the environment and without compromising the needs of future generations(b) development only for the present(c) development only for the poor(d) stopping all development

19. The Earth Summit of 1992 was held at –

(a) Kyoto, Japan(b) Paris, France(c) Stockholm, Sweden(d) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

20. ‘Agenda 21’ is –

(a) a trade agreement(b) a declaration signed at the Rio Earth Summit aiming at achieving global sustainable development(c) a Constitution of India article(d) a 21-point plan for roads

21. Which of the following states is rich in minerals and coal deposits but deficient in water resources?

(a) Arunachal Pradesh(b) Rajasthan(c) Ladakh(d) Jharkhand

22. Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources but lacks –

(a) infrastructural development(b) rainfall(c) forests(d) rivers

23. Which of the following is the first stage of resource planning?

(a) Evolving a planning structure(b) Matching resource plans with national plans(c) Selling resources(d) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions

24. ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed’ is a statement by –

(a) Jawaharlal Nehru(b) E.F. Schumacher(c) Gro Harlem Brundtland(d) Mahatma Gandhi

25. Who wrote the book Small is Beautiful in 1974?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi(b) Gro Harlem Brundtland(c) Rachel Carson(d) E.F. Schumacher

26. The Brundtland Commission Report (1987) is titled –

(a) Our Common Future(b) Small is Beautiful(c) Agenda 21(d) Limits to Growth

27. India has a total land area of about –

(a) 2.28 million sq km(b) 3.28 million sq km(c) 5.28 million sq km(d) 1.28 million sq km

28. The share of plains in the total land area of India is about –

(a) 30 per cent(b) 43 per cent(c) 27 per cent(d) 60 per cent

29. Land which is left uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year is called –

(a) cultivable wasteland(b) net sown area(c) current fallow(d) barren land

30. Cultivable wasteland is land that has been left uncultivated for more than –

(a) five agricultural years(b) one agricultural year(c) two agricultural years(d) ten agricultural years

31. Net sown area plus the area sown more than once in an agricultural year is called –

(a) net cultivated area(b) gross cropped area(c) fallow land(d) wasteland

32. The National Forest Policy (1952) laid down that the ideal proportion of forest area should be –

(a) 10 per cent(b) 50 per cent(c) 33 per cent of the geographical area(d) 75 per cent

33. Which of the following states has a net sown area of about 80 per cent?

(a) Arunachal Pradesh(b) Mizoram(c) Punjab(d) Manipur

34. Overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation in –

(a) Punjab and Haryana(b) Assam and Meghalaya(c) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh(d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu

35. Over-irrigation causing waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity is responsible for land degradation in –

(a) Jharkhand and Odisha(b) Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh(c) Gujarat and Rajasthan(d) Karnataka and Kerala

36. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation in –

(a) Punjab and Haryana(b) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha(c) Rajasthan and Gujarat(d) Kerala and Goa

37. Which of the following is a measure to solve the problem of land degradation?

(a) Increase of mining(b) Increase of overgrazing(c) Discharging industrial waste untreated(d) Afforestation and proper management of grazing

38. Which of the following is the most important renewable natural resource, a medium of plant growth?

(a) Coal(b) Petroleum(c) Natural gas(d) Soil

39. The most widely spread and important soil in India is –

(a) black soil(b) laterite soil(c) alluvial soil(d) arid soil

40. Old alluvial soil is called –

(a) Bangar(b) Khadar(c) Regur(d) Kankar

41. Black soil is ideal for growing –

(a) tea(b) coffee(c) cotton(d) rubber

42. Black soil is typical of the –

(a) Northern plains(b) Deccan trap (basalt) region(c) Thar desert(d) Himalayan region

43. A characteristic of black soil is –

(a) it can retain moisture for a long time(b) it is sandy and dry(c) it is rich in humus(d) it is acidic with low humus

44. Black soils are generally poor in –

(a) calcium carbonate(b) magnesium(c) phosphoric content(d) potash

45. Red soil develops a reddish colour because of –

(a) the presence of lava(b) the presence of humus(c) the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks(d) the deposition by rivers

46. The word ‘laterite’ is derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means –

(a) rock(b) soil(c) iron(d) brick

47. Laterite soil develops in areas of –

(a) low temperature and low rainfall(b) high temperature and low rainfall(c) high temperature and heavy rainfall(d) snow-bound areas

48. Laterite soils are useful for growing –

(a) wheat and rice(b) cotton(c) jute(d) tea, coffee and cashew nut

49. Arid soils are generally –

(a) clayey and fertile(b) rich in humus(c) acidic and waterlogged(d) sandy in texture and saline in nature

50. Forest soils are found in –

(a) desert areas(b) coastal plains only(c) the Deccan plateau only(d) hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.51 – Q.100 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.50 × 1 = 50

51. Assertion (A): Resources are a function of human activities.
Reason (R): Human beings transform materials available in the environment into resources and use them.

52. Assertion (A): Territorial waters of a country are its national resource.
Reason (R): The oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles from the coast and the resources therein belong to the nation.

53. Assertion (A): Oceanic resources beyond the EEZ are international resources.
Reason (R): No individual country can use them without the concurrence of international institutions.

54. Assertion (A): Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential resources in wind and solar energy.
Reason (R): These resources have been found in the region but have not been properly developed.

55. Assertion (A): Water is regarded as stock.
Reason (R): Humans do not have the appropriate technical know-how to use hydrogen and oxygen in water as a source of energy.

56. Assertion (A): Water in dams and forests are reserves.
Reason (R): They can be put into use with the existing technical know-how, but their use has not started.

57. Assertion (A): Indiscriminate use of resources has divided society into haves and have-nots.
Reason (R): Resources got accumulated in a few hands.

58. Assertion (A): Resource planning is essential in India.
Reason (R): Resources are unevenly distributed, so regions rich in one resource may be deficient in another.

59. Assertion (A): Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh need water for use of their mineral wealth.
Reason (R): They are rich in minerals and coal but deficient in water resources.

60. Assertion (A): The Ladakh region needs special planning for development.
Reason (R): It is a cold desert, isolated from the rest of the country and deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.

61. Assertion (A): Agenda 21 asks every local government to draw up its own Local Agenda 21.
Reason (R): It aims at achieving global sustainable development through cooperation at all levels.

62. Assertion (A): Alluvial soil is intensively cultivated and densely populated.
Reason (R): It is very fertile and contains adequate potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

63. Assertion (A): Black soil is suitable for growing cotton.
Reason (R): It retains moisture for a long time and is rich in lime, potash and magnesium.

64. Assertion (A): Laterite soils have a low humus content.
Reason (R): High temperature destroys decomposers like bacteria in the soil.

65. Assertion (A): Overgrazing causes land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
Reason (R): It removes the vegetation cover and exposes the soil to erosion.

66. Assertion (A): Over-irrigation causes land degradation in Punjab and Haryana.
Reason (R): It leads to waterlogging and increases salinity and alkalinity of the soil.

67. Assertion (A): Mining causes land degradation in Jharkhand and Odisha.
Reason (R): Abandoned mining sites leave deep scars and traces of overburdening.

68. Assertion (A): Shelter belts help in controlling wind erosion.
Reason (R): Lines of trees reduce wind power and help stabilise sand dunes.

69. Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.’
Reason (R): The Brundtland Commission Report was published in 1987.

70. Assertion (A): E.F. Schumacher wrote Small is Beautiful in 1974.
Reason (R): The Earth Summit of 1992 was held in Rio de Janeiro.

71. Assertion (A): India has a land area of about 3.28 million sq km.
Reason (R): About 43 per cent of the land is plain.

72. Assertion (A): Cultivable wasteland is land left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years.
Reason (R): Current fallow is land left uncultivated for one or less than one year.

73. Assertion (A): The National Forest Policy (1952) prescribed that 33 per cent of the geographical area should be under forest.
Reason (R): Net sown area is about 80 per cent in Punjab and Haryana.

74. Assertion (A): Soil is a renewable resource.
Reason (R): Soil classification includes alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, arid and forest soils.

75. Assertion (A): Alluvial soil is found in the northern plains.
Reason (R): Black soil is found in the Deccan trap region.

76. Assertion (A): Bangar is old alluvium.
Reason (R): Khadar is new alluvium.

77. Assertion (A): Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in low-rainfall areas.
Reason (R): Laterite soil is found in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

78. Assertion (A): Arid soil is sandy and saline.
Reason (R): Common salt is obtained from some of the arid soils by evaporating water.

79. Assertion (A): Contour ploughing helps in preventing soil erosion.
Reason (R): Terrace farming is well developed in the Himalayas.

80. Assertion (A): Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere.
Reason (R): Rocks and metals are examples of biotic resources.

81. Assertion (A): Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources.
Reason (R): They are formed in a few days and can be renewed quickly.

82. Assertion (A): Village commons are community-owned resources.
Reason (R): They are accessible only to the government.

83. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is important for the future.
Reason (R): It means using up all the resources in the present.

84. Assertion (A): The Earth Summit of 1992 was held in Rio de Janeiro.
Reason (R): It was attended by only 10 countries.

85. Assertion (A): Black soil is also known as regur soil.
Reason (R): It is poor in moisture-holding capacity.

86. Assertion (A): Laterite soil is formed by intense leaching in heavy rainfall regions.
Reason (R): It is the most fertile and humus-rich soil of India.

87. Assertion (A): The northern plains are made of alluvial soil.
Reason (R): It is deposited by the Chambal and the Narmada.

88. Assertion (A): Gullies make the land unfit for cultivation.
Reason (R): In the Chambal basin, such lands are called terraces.

89. Assertion (A): Soil erosion is the denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down.
Reason (R): It is caused only by natural forces and never by human activities.

90. Assertion (A): Strip cropping helps to check wind erosion.
Reason (R): Strips of crops are replaced by bare land.

91. Assertion (A): Resources are only gifts of nature.
Reason (R): Human beings are essential components of resources.

92. Assertion (A): Stock means resources that are being used at present.
Reason (R): Stock are materials which have the potential to satisfy human needs but we do not have the technology.

93. Assertion (A): Reserves are the same as developed resources.
Reason (R): Reserves are a subset of stock which can be put to use with existing technology.

94. Assertion (A): Local Agenda 21 is made by the United Nations alone.
Reason (R): Every local government is to draw up its own Local Agenda 21.

95. Assertion (A): Mineral-rich states of India have plenty of water for industries.
Reason (R): Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are deficient in water.

96. Assertion (A): Alluvial soil is formed by lava flows.
Reason (R): It consists of sand, silt and clay deposited by rivers.

97. Assertion (A): Black soil is formed by deposition of the Himalayan rivers.
Reason (R): It is typical of the Deccan trap region made up of lava flows.

98. Assertion (A): Laterite soil is suitable for wheat and rice.
Reason (R): It is useful for growing tea, coffee and cashew nut.

99. Assertion (A): Arid soil is rich in humus and moisture.
Reason (R): Its lower horizons have kankar due to increasing calcium content.

100. Assertion (A): Forest soils are found in desert regions.
Reason (R): They are found in hilly and mountainous areas with sufficient rain forests.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.101 – Q.150 Read the two statements and choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

101. Statement I: Resources must be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Statement II: Resources are a function of human activities.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

102. Statement I: Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere.
Statement II: Forests and fisheries are biotic resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

103. Statement I: Renewable resources can be replenished by physical, chemical or mechanical processes.
Statement II: Solar and wind energy are renewable resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

104. Statement I: Village commons are community-owned resources.
Statement II: Public parks and playgrounds are also community resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

105. Statement I: Territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles from the coast.
Statement II: The EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

106. Statement I: Stock refers to materials with potential to satisfy needs but without the required technology.
Statement II: Reserves are a subset of stock that can be used with existing technology.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

107. Statement I: The Brundtland Commission Report was published in 1987.
Statement II: It advocated sustainable development.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

108. Statement I: Agenda 21 was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
Statement II: It asks local governments to draw up Local Agenda 21.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

109. Statement I: Net sown area is the area sown and harvested once.
Statement II: Gross cropped area includes area sown more than once.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

110. Statement I: Over-irrigation causes waterlogging and salinity.
Statement II: This is a problem in Punjab and Haryana.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

111. Statement I: Black soil is ideal for cotton.
Statement II: It retains moisture for a long time.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

112. Statement I: Laterite soil results from intense leaching.
Statement II: It develops in regions of high temperature and heavy rainfall.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

113. Statement I: Shelter belts check wind erosion.
Statement II: Terrace farming restricts erosion on slopes.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

114. Statement I: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources.
Statement II: They can be renewed within a few years.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

115. Statement I: Rocks and metals are abiotic resources.
Statement II: They are obtained from the biosphere and have life.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

116. Statement I: Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential for solar and wind energy.
Statement II: These resources have been fully developed.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

117. Statement I: Water in dams is a reserve.
Statement II: Water in dams is stock because we have no technology to use it.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

118. Statement I: Mahatma Gandhi blamed greed and exploitative technology for resource depletion.
Statement II: Gandhi favoured mass production.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

119. Statement I: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals.
Statement II: They also have abundant water resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

120. Statement I: Current fallow is land left uncultivated for one year or less.
Statement II: Cultivable wasteland is land left uncultivated for less than a year.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

121. Statement I: Bangar is old alluvium.
Statement II: Khadar is old alluvium with kankar nodules.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

122. Statement I: Black soil is also called regur soil.
Statement II: It is formed by river deposits in the northern plains.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

123. Statement I: Red soil looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
Statement II: Its colour is due to calcium.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

124. Statement I: Gully erosion makes land unfit for cultivation.
Statement II: Gully-eroded land is called khadar in the Chambal basin.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

125. Statement I: Contour ploughing slows the flow of water down slopes.
Statement II: It increases soil erosion.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

126. Statement I: Resources are free gifts of nature.
Statement II: Human beings are essential components of resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

127. Statement I: Community resources are accessible only to the government.
Statement II: They are accessible to all members of the community.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

128. Statement I: Open-ocean resources belong to the country nearest the coast.
Statement II: Open-ocean resources beyond the EEZ are international resources.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

129. Statement I: Developed resources lack technology for use.
Statement II: Developed resources are surveyed and quantified for use.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

130. Statement I: Sustainable development means exhausting resources quickly.
Statement II: It means meeting present needs without compromising the future.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

131. Statement I: The Rio Summit of 1992 was attended by a few countries only.
Statement II: More than 100 heads of state attended the Rio Summit.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

132. Statement I: India's forest area exceeds the 33 per cent target.
Statement II: The National Forest Policy 1952 prescribed 33 per cent forest area.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

133. Statement I: Plains cover about 30 per cent of India's land.
Statement II: Plains cover about 43 per cent of India's land.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

134. Statement I: Alluvial soil is poor in potash and lime.
Statement II: Alluvial soil is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

135. Statement I: Laterite soil is rich in humus.
Statement II: Laterite soil is poor in humus due to the destruction of bacteria.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

136. Statement I: Arid soil is rich in moisture.
Statement II: Arid soil is sandy, saline and lacks humus and moisture.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

137. Statement I: Sheet erosion forms deep channels.
Statement II: Gully erosion forms deep channels.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

138. Statement I: All resources are renewable.
Statement II: Metals cannot be recycled.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

139. Statement I: Individual resources are owned by the nation only.
Statement II: Village commons are private property.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

140. Statement I: Stock resources are currently in use.
Statement II: Reserves cannot be used even in future.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

141. Statement I: Resource planning is unnecessary because resources are equally distributed.
Statement II: Ladakh has plenty of water and infrastructure.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

142. Statement I: Agenda 21 was adopted in 1972.
Statement II: It applies only to the United Nations.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

143. Statement I: Net sown area is greater than gross cropped area.
Statement II: Forest area in India exceeds 50 per cent.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

144. Statement I: Over-grazing improves vegetation cover.
Statement II: Mining does not damage land.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

145. Statement I: Alluvial soil is found only in the Deccan.
Statement II: Black soil is deposited by the Ganga.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

146. Statement I: Black soil is poor in moisture retention.
Statement II: Black soil is good for tea.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

147. Statement I: Red soil is formed on lava flows.
Statement II: Laterite means ‘water’ in Latin.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

148. Statement I: Arid soil is best for rice.
Statement II: Forest soils are found in deserts.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

149. Statement I: Terrace farming is practised in the Thar desert.
Statement II: Shelter belts increase wind erosion.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

150. Statement I: Soil erosion is caused only by wind.
Statement II: Strip cropping increases the force of the wind.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

151. What is meant by a resource? Why are human beings called essential components of resources?(3)

152. Classify resources on the basis of origin. Give one example of each.(3)

153. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources with examples.(3)

154. What are individual resources? Give two examples.(3)

155. What are community-owned resources? Give examples.(3)

156. What are national resources? Explain how all resources are national.(3)

157. What are international resources? Give an example.(3)

158. Explain potential resources with an example.(3)

159. What are developed resources? How do they differ from stock?(3)

160. What are reserves? How are they different from stock?(3)

161. What problems have arisen due to indiscriminate use of resources?(3)

162. What is sustainable development?(3)

163. State the quotation of Mahatma Gandhi on resource use. What does it mean?(3)

164. Why is resource planning essential in India?(3)

165. Explain the first stage of resource planning in India.(3)

166. What do you mean by resource planning? State its three stages.(3)

167. Why is conservation of resources necessary?(3)

168. What is the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987?(3)

169. What was the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992?(3)

170. What is Agenda 21?(3)

171. What does Agenda 21 require of local governments?(3)

172. What is the land use pattern in India? Name any two categories.(3)

173. Differentiate between net sown area and gross cropped area.(3)

174. Distinguish between current fallow and other than current fallow.(3)

175. What is meant by cultivable wasteland?(3)

176. What is the importance of forests and what is the forest cover prescribed by the National Forest Policy (1952)?(3)

177. What is land degradation? Name two causes.(3)

178. How does mining cause land degradation?(3)

179. How does over-irrigation lead to land degradation?(3)

180. Why is industrial effluent a threat to land?(3)

181. Suggest any three measures to solve the problems of land degradation.(3)

182. What are the main characteristics of alluvial soil?(3)

183. Differentiate between Bangar and Khadar.(3)

184. Why is black soil also called regur soil? State its features.(3)

185. Where is black soil found? Why does it develop cracks?(3)

186. Describe the characteristics of red and yellow soil.(3)

187. What is laterite soil? Where is it found?(3)

188. Why is laterite soil unsuitable for general agriculture?(3)

189. State the characteristics of arid soil.(3)

190. Describe forest soils.(3)

191. What is soil erosion? Name its agents.(3)

192. Distinguish between gully erosion and sheet erosion.(3)

193. Explain contour ploughing.(3)

194. What is terrace cultivation?(3)

195. What are shelter belts?(3)

196. What is strip cropping?(3)

197. Why is soil called a renewable resource? Why should it be conserved?(3)

198. Mention any three factors responsible for soil formation.(3)

199. Why do some states need special resource planning? Give an example.(3)

200. How can people contribute to resource conservation?(3)

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

201. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin, exhaustibility, ownership and status of development.(5)

202. Describe the types of resources on the basis of ownership with examples.(5)

203. Explain resources on the basis of status of development with examples.(5)

204. ‘Resources are a function of human activities.’ Explain with examples.(5)

205. What problems have arisen due to indiscriminate exploitation of resources? Suggest remedies.(5)

206. What is sustainable development? Why is it important? Explain with reference to the Brundtland Report and Rio Summit.(5)

207. Explain Agenda 21 and its objectives.(5)

208. ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.’ Explain the statement with reference to resource conservation.(5)

209. Why is resource planning essential in India? Explain.(5)

210. Describe the three stages of resource planning in India.(5)

211. Explain why conservation of resources is necessary. What steps were taken at the international level?(5)

212. Describe the land use pattern in India.(5)

213. Explain the physical and human factors determining land use.(5)

214. Distinguish between net sown area, gross cropped area, current fallow and other than current fallow.(5)

215. What is land degradation? Explain its causes in different parts of India.(5)

216. Suggest measures to control land degradation.(5)

217. Describe how mining and industrial activity degrade land.(5)

218. Explain the main characteristics and distribution of alluvial soil.(5)

219. Compare Bangar and Khadar alluvium.(5)

220. Describe the formation, features and crops of black soil.(5)

221. Describe red and yellow soils with their distribution.(5)

222. Explain the formation and features of laterite soil. Where is it found and what crops suit it?(5)

223. Describe arid soils and their features.(5)

224. Describe forest soils and their distribution.(5)

225. Classify soils of India and describe any two types briefly.(5)

226. What is soil erosion? Explain the causes and types of soil erosion.(5)

227. Explain how soil erosion can be prevented in hilly and plain areas.(5)

228. Describe gully erosion, sheet erosion and wind erosion.(5)

229. Why is the soil said to be a vital resource? How can we conserve it?(5)

230. What are the factors responsible for soil formation?(5)

231. Explain the role of the Exclusive Economic Zone and territorial waters in classifying resources.(5)

232. ‘Resource planning is a complex process.’ Explain the requirements for it.(5)

233. How did Gandhi, Schumacher and the Club of Rome contribute to the resource conservation debate?(5)

234. Describe the role of human beings and technology in the transformation of resources.(5)

235. Explain how land is a natural resource of utmost importance.(5)

236. Describe the relief features of India as land resources.(5)

237. Explain the effects of over-irrigation and overgrazing on land.(5)

238. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources and discuss the need to conserve both.(5)

239. Explain the importance of alluvial soil for the economy of India.(5)

240. Why is black soil ideal for cotton cultivation? Name the states where it is found.(5)

241. Explain how relief, climate and parent rock influence soil types in India.(5)

242. Discuss the importance of Local Agenda 21 and community participation in resource conservation.(5)

243. Why is a balanced approach to resource use needed? Explain with reference to India's regional resource distribution.(5)

244. How did Rio Summit 1992 and Agenda 21 influence resource management?(5)

245. Explain the impact of mining, deforestation and industrial waste on land and suggest solutions.(5)

246. Explain how the soils of India can be grouped on the basis of fertility and use.(5)

247. What are the major problems of land degradation? How can they be controlled in various regions?(5)

248. Why is soil said to be a renewable resource, and how should it be preserved for future generations?(5)

249. Describe the importance of forests and plains for resource development in India.(5)

250. Write a note on the contribution of the Brundtland Commission and the Club of Rome in the development of the concept of sustainable development.(5)

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

251. Your village pond is being polluted by waste dumped by some residents. What values would you show and what action would you take?(3)

252. Why should we use resources like water and electricity carefully in our daily life? Give any two habits.(3)

253. A farmer cuts trees on a slope to get more land. What are the consequences and what values should he adopt?(3)

254. How can students in your school contribute to sustainable development?(3)

255. ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.’ How do you apply this in your life?(3)

256. Why should community resources like parks and village commons be protected by all?(3)

257. Industrial waste is being discharged on farmland near your town. Suggest steps citizens can take.(3)

258. How does recycling of metals and paper help in conserving resources?(3)

259. Why is it important to make resource use equitable for all sections of society?(3)

260. What role can local communities play in implementing Local Agenda 21?(3)

261. A mining company wants to open a mine in a forest area. What factors should be considered?(3)

262. Why is soil conservation a duty of every citizen and not only of farmers?(3)

263. How can overuse of fertilisers and irrigation be avoided? What values does this reflect?(3)

264. What lesson do we learn from the Rio Earth Summit about cooperation among nations?(3)

265. Why should we respect the traditional practices of conserving resources followed by tribal and rural communities?(3)

266. Your neighbour burns plastic waste and dumps garbage on vacant land. How will you respond?(3)

267. Why is afforestation important for land and soil conservation? How can you participate?(3)

268. What is the importance of using renewable energy like solar and wind in India?(3)

269. How does over-consumption by affluent societies affect the environment and the poor?(3)

270. Why is balanced regional development needed in a country with uneven resources?(3)

271. What is your responsibility as a young citizen towards resource conservation?(3)

272. A farmer has stopped using chemical fertilisers and adopted organic farming. How is this beneficial?(3)

273. Why should the government involve citizens in resource planning?(3)

274. Why is saving water in dry regions like Rajasthan especially important?(3)

275. How can individuals contribute to sustainable development in everyday life?(3)

********

CBSE · NCERT

Resources and Development – Solutions

Geography · Chapter 1

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (Geography)Total Marks : 625

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.50)

1. (b)	2. (a)	3. (c)	4. (a)	5. (a)	6. (a)	7. (d)	8. (a)	9. (a)	10. (c)
11. (b)	12. (b)	13. (b)	14. (c)	15. (b)	16. (a)	17. (b)	18. (a)	19. (d)	20. (b)
21. (d)	22. (a)	23. (d)	24. (d)	25. (d)	26. (a)	27. (b)	28. (b)	29. (c)	30. (a)
31. (b)	32. (c)	33. (c)	34. (c)	35. (b)	36. (b)	37. (d)	38. (d)	39. (c)	40. (a)
41. (c)	42. (b)	43. (a)	44. (c)	45. (c)	46. (d)	47. (c)	48. (d)	49. (d)	50. (d)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.51 – Q.100)

51. (a)	52. (a)	53. (a)	54. (a)	55. (a)	56. (a)	57. (a)	58. (a)	59. (a)	60. (a)
61. (a)	62. (a)	63. (a)	64. (a)	65. (a)	66. (a)	67. (a)	68. (a)	69. (b)	70. (b)
71. (b)	72. (b)	73. (b)	74. (b)	75. (b)	76. (b)	77. (b)	78. (b)	79. (b)	80. (c)
81. (c)	82. (c)	83. (c)	84. (c)	85. (c)	86. (c)	87. (c)	88. (c)	89. (c)	90. (c)
91. (d)	92. (d)	93. (d)	94. (d)	95. (d)	96. (d)	97. (d)	98. (d)	99. (d)	100. (d)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (b) resource

This is the definition of a resource: it must be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

2. Ans. (a) free gifts of nature as well as a function of human activities

Human beings are themselves essential components of resources; they transform materials into resources.

3. Ans. (c) Livestock

Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life, such as forests, animals, fisheries and livestock.

4. Ans. (a) Metals

Abiotic resources comprise non-living things such as rocks and metals.

5. Ans. (a) renewable and non-renewable

Renewable and non-renewable is the classification by exhaustibility.

6. Ans. (a) Wind energy

Solar, wind, water, forests and wildlife are renewable resources.

7. Ans. (d) non-renewable resources

They take millions of years to form and are exhaustible; some are recyclable (metals), some are not (fossil fuels).

8. Ans. (a) Village ponds and grazing grounds

Community-owned resources are accessible to all members of the community, e.g., village commons, burial grounds, public parks and playgrounds.

9. Ans. (a) an individual resource

Plantations, pasture lands, ponds and wells owned privately are individual resources.

10. Ans. (c) nation

These are national resources; the nation can acquire even private property for public good.

11. Ans. (b) 12 nautical miles from the coast

The oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast is the territorial water; resources therein belong to the nation.

12. Ans. (b) 200

No individual country can utilise them without the concurrence of international institutions.

13. Ans. (b) potential resources

For example, Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for wind and solar energy, but these have not been developed properly.

14. Ans. (c) developed resources

The development of resources depends on technology and the level of capital investment.

15. Ans. (b) stock

Water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (both inflammable gases), is a rich source of energy, but we do not have the technical ‘know-how’ to use it; it is stock.

16. Ans. (a) reserves

Reserves are a subset of stock which can be put into use with the existing technical know-how but whose use has not been started.

17. Ans. (b) global warming, ozone layer depletion and land degradation

Resource depletion, accumulation in a few hands and ecological crises are among the problems.

18. Ans. (a) development without damaging the environment and without compromising the needs of future generations

It requires a balance between the present needs and the needs of future generations.

19. Ans. (d) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

More than 100 heads of state met at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.

20. Ans. (b) a declaration signed at the Rio Earth Summit aiming at achieving global sustainable development

It aims to combat environmental damage, poverty and disease through global cooperation; every local government should draw up its own Local Agenda 21.

21. Ans. (d) Jharkhand

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal.

22. Ans. (a) infrastructural development

Resource planning is needed because resources are unevenly distributed.

23. Ans. (d) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions

The first stage includes surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation.

24. Ans. (d) Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi blamed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology for resource depletion.

25. Ans. (d) E.F. Schumacher

Schumacher’s book reflected Gandhian philosophy on resource conservation.

26. Ans. (a) Our Common Future

It introduced the concept of ‘sustainable development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation.

27. Ans. (b) 3.28 million sq km

India has a land area of about 3.28 million square km.

28. Ans. (b) 43 per cent

Plains are about 43%, mountains about 30% and plateaus about 27% of the area.

29. Ans. (c) current fallow

Land left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years is ‘fallow other than current fallow’.

30. Ans. (a) five agricultural years

It is an uncultivated land excluding fallow land, left uncultivated for more than 5 years.

31. Ans. (b) gross cropped area

Gross cropped area = net sown area + area sown more than once.

32. Ans. (c) 33 per cent of the geographical area

The actual forest area is lower than the desired target.

33. Ans. (c) Punjab

Net sown area is about 80% in Punjab and Haryana, and low in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur.

34. Ans. (c) Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh

In these states, overgrazing is a major cause of land degradation.

35. Ans. (b) Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh

Over-irrigation leads to waterlogging and an increase in the salinity and alkalinity of the soil.

36. Ans. (b) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha

Mining leaves deep scars and traces of overburdening.

37. Ans. (d) Afforestation and proper management of grazing

Other measures: shelter belts, stabilisation of sand dunes with thorny bushes, control of mining and treatment of industrial effluents.

38. Ans. (d) Soil

Soil supports different types of living organisms on the earth.

39. Ans. (c) alluvial soil

The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil deposited by the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

40. Ans. (a) Bangar

Bangar has a higher concentration of kankar nodules than Khadar, the newer alluvium.

41. Ans. (c) cotton

Black soil is also known as black cotton soil or regur.

42. Ans. (b) Deccan trap (basalt) region

It is formed by lava flows in the northwest Deccan plateau.

43. Ans. (a) it can retain moisture for a long time

Black soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material, known for its capacity to hold moisture.

44. Ans. (c) phosphoric content

They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.

45. Ans. (c) the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks

It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

46. Ans. (d) brick

Laterite soil becomes hard like brick when it dries.

47. Ans. (c) high temperature and heavy rainfall

It is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain; humus content is low.

48. Ans. (d) tea, coffee and cashew nut

With adequate manures and soil conservation, they are suitable for tea, coffee and cashew.

49. Ans. (d) sandy in texture and saline in nature

In arid soils the lower horizons are occupied by ‘kankar’, which restricts infiltration of water.

50. Ans. (d) hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available

These soils are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse-grained in upper slopes.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

51. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

52. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

53. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

54. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

55. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

56. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

57. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

58. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

59. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

60. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

61. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

62. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

63. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

64. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

65. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

66. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

67. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

68. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

69. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the two facts are unrelated.

70. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true, but R does not explain A.

71. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is another fact about land, not an explanation.

72. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is a different category and does not explain A.

73. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; they are separate facts.

74. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R lists soil types and does not explain why soil is renewable.

75. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

76. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

77. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; separate facts.

78. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is an additional fact.

79. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is another conservation method.

80. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: rocks and metals are abiotic.

81. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: they take millions of years to form.

82. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: they are accessible to all members of the community.

83. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it means using resources without compromising future needs.

84. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: more than 100 heads of state attended.

85. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: black soil holds moisture for long.

86. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it has a low humus content.

87. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it is deposited by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.

88. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: such lands are called ravines.

89. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: deforestation, overgrazing, mining and construction also cause it.

90. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.

91. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: resources are also a function of human activities. R is true.

92. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: stock is not currently used. R is true.

93. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: developed resources are already surveyed and in use. R is true.

94. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it is drawn by local governments. R is true.

95. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: these states lack water. R is true.

96. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it is formed by river deposits. R is true.

97. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it is formed from basalt in the Deccan trap. R is true.

98. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it is suited to tea, coffee and cashew. R is true.

99. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: arid soil lacks humus and moisture. R is true.

100. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they are found in hilly forest areas. R is true.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions)

Quick Answer Key – Statement-Based (Q.101 – Q.150)

101. (a)	102. (a)	103. (a)	104. (a)	105. (a)	106. (a)	107. (a)	108. (a)	109. (a)	110. (a)
111. (a)	112. (a)	113. (a)	114. (b)	115. (b)	116. (b)	117. (b)	118. (b)	119. (b)	120. (b)
121. (b)	122. (b)	123. (b)	124. (b)	125. (b)	126. (c)	127. (c)	128. (c)	129. (c)	130. (c)
131. (c)	132. (c)	133. (c)	134. (c)	135. (c)	136. (c)	137. (c)	138. (d)	139. (d)	140. (d)
141. (d)	142. (d)	143. (d)	144. (d)	145. (d)	146. (d)	147. (d)	148. (d)	149. (d)	150. (d)

101. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

102. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

103. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

104. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

105. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

106. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

107. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

108. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

109. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

110. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

111. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

112. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

113. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both are correct.

114. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong as they take millions of years.

115. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong.

116. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong, they are potential resources.

117. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong.

118. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; he favoured production by the masses.

119. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong, they are water-deficient.

120. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; cultivable waste is left for more than five years.

121. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; Khadar is new alluvium.

122. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; it is formed from lava in the Deccan trap.

123. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; red colour is due to iron.

124. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; it is called ravines or bad land.

125. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct; II is wrong.

126. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

127. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

128. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

129. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

130. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

131. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

132. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

133. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

134. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

135. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

136. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

137. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is wrong; II is correct.

138. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

139. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

140. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

141. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

142. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

143. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

144. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

145. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

146. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

147. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

148. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

149. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

150. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Neither is correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

151. Ans.

• Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is a resource. [1]
• Resources are not free gifts of nature; they are a function of human activities. [1]
• Human beings transform material in the environment into resources and use them, hence they are essential components. [1]

152. Ans.

• Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life, e.g. forests, animals, fisheries. [1]
• Abiotic resources are composed of non-living things, e.g. rocks and metals. [1]
• Thus on the basis of origin resources are classified as biotic and abiotic. [1]

153. Ans.

• Renewable resources can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes, e.g. solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife. [1]
• Non-renewable resources occur over a long geological time and take millions of years to form, e.g. minerals and fossil fuels. [1]
• Some non-renewable resources like metals are recyclable, while coal and petroleum are not. [1]

154. Ans.

• Resources owned privately by individuals are individual resources. [1]
• Many farmers own land allotted by the government against payment of revenue. [1]
• Plantations, pasture lands, ponds and water in wells are other examples. [1]

155. Ans.

• These are resources accessible to all the members of the community. [1]
• Village commons such as grazing grounds, burial grounds and village ponds are examples. [1]
• Public parks, picnic spots and playgrounds in urban areas are also community resources. [1]

156. Ans.

• Technically, all resources belong to the nation. [1]
• The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for common good. [1]
• Urban land is owned by the government, and all minerals and water resources within the political boundaries belong to the nation. [1]

157. Ans.

• There are international institutions which regulate some resources. [1]
• The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to the open ocean. [1]
• No individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. [1]

158. Ans.

• Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised are potential resources. [1]
• For example, Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for wind and solar energy. [1]
• But so far these have not been developed properly. [1]

159. Ans.

• Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are developed resources. [1]
• Stock refers to materials which have the potential to satisfy human needs but humans do not have the appropriate technology to access them. [1]
• Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen but we lack the technology to use them as a source of energy. [1]

160. Ans.

• Reserves are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the available technical know-how. [1]
• But their use has not been started. [1]
• Water in dams and forests are reserves which can be used in the future, whereas stock cannot be used with present technology. [1]

161. Ans.

• Indiscriminate use has led to depletion of resources. [1]
• Accumulation of resources in a few hands has divided society into rich and poor. [1]
• It has led to global ecological crises like global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. [1]

162. Ans.

• Development should take place without damaging the environment. [1]
• Development in the present should not compromise the needs of future generations. [1]
• It requires careful use of resources so that they remain available to all. [1]

163. Ans.

• ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.’ [1]
• It blames the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology for resource depletion. [1]
• He placed the greed of a few and mass production at the root of the crisis. [1]

164. Ans.

• Resources are unevenly distributed; some states are rich in minerals but lack water. [1]
• Planning is essential for judicious use to ensure sustainable existence. [1]
• India has diverse regions with different resource endowments and needs. [1]

165. Ans.

• Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. [1]
• This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. [1]
• This forms the base for further planning. [1]

166. Ans.

• Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources. [1]
• Stage 1: identification and inventory of resources by surveying, mapping and estimation. [1]
• Stage 2: evolving a planning structure endowed with technology, skill and institutional set-up; Stage 3: matching the plans with the national development plans. [1]

167. Ans.

• Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. [1]
• To overcome these, resource conservation at various levels is important. [1]
• It ensures that resources remain available for future generations. [1]

168. Ans.

• It introduced the concept of sustainable development and advocated it as a means for resolving the conflict between development and the environment. [1]
• It was published under the title ‘Our Common Future’. [1]
• It laid the foundation for the Rio Earth Summit. [1]

169. Ans.

• In June 1992, more than 100 heads of state met at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit. [1]
• The summit was convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. [1]
• Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21. [1]

170. Ans.

• It is a declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. [1]
• It aims at achieving global sustainable development. [1]
• It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty and disease through global cooperation on common interests. [1]

171. Ans.

• Every local government should draw up its own Local Agenda 21. [1]
• This is to achieve the common objectives of cooperation at the international level. [1]
• It stresses local-level planning for sustainable development. [1]

172. Ans.

• Land resources are used for forests, land not available for cultivation, other uncultivated land and fallow lands. [1]
• Net sown area is another category. [1]
• Land not available for cultivation includes barren and wasteland and land put to non-agricultural uses. [1]

173. Ans.

• Net sown area is the physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested. [1]
• Gross cropped area is the net sown area plus the area sown more than once in a year. [1]
• Gross cropped area is therefore larger than net sown area. [1]

174. Ans.

• Current fallow is land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year. [1]
• Other than current fallow is land left uncultivated for the past one to five agricultural years. [1]
• Fallowing allows the land to recoup its fertility. [1]

175. Ans.

• It is land left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years. [1]
• It can be brought under cultivation after improving it through reclamation. [1]
• It is included in ‘other uncultivated land’ excluding fallow. [1]

176. Ans.

• Forests provide timber, fuel, fodder and maintain ecological balance. [1]
• The National Forest Policy (1952) envisaged 33 per cent of the geographical area under forests. [1]
• Actual forest area is lower than this and is not the same as forest cover. [1]

177. Ans.

• Land degradation is the decline in the quality and productivity of land. [1]
• Deforestation and overgrazing are major causes, as in Gujarat and Rajasthan. [1]
• Mining and over-irrigation are other causes. [1]

178. Ans.

• In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha, deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation. [1]
• Abandoned mining sites leave deep scars and traces of overburdening. [1]
• Mineral processing generates large amounts of dust that settles and retards the infiltration of water. [1]

179. Ans.

• In Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation. [1]
• It causes waterlogging. [1]
• It increases the salinity and alkalinity of the soil. [1]

180. Ans.

• Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement and ceramic industries generates dust. [1]
• The dust settles on land and retards the process of infiltration of water. [1]
• Industrial effluents in the rivers also degrade land and water in many parts of the country. [1]

181. Ans.

• Afforestation and proper management of grazing. [1]
• Planting shelter belts of plants and stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. [1]
• Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities and proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents after treatment. [1]

182. Ans.

• It is the most widespread and important soil, deposited by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. [1]
• It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay, and is very fertile. [1]
• It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other crops. [1]

183. Ans.

• Bangar is old alluvium with a higher concentration of kankar nodules. [1]
• Khadar is new alluvium with more fine particles and is more fertile. [1]
• Bangar soil is found away from the river and Khadar is found near river banks. [1]

184. Ans.

• It is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. [1]
• It is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. [1]
• It is made of extremely fine clayey material, retains moisture, is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but poor in phosphoric content. [1]

185. Ans.

• It is typical of the Deccan trap region, spread over Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh plateaus. [1]
• It is formed from lava flows. [1]
• It becomes sticky when wet and develops deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in aeration. [1]

186. Ans.

• It develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. [1]
• It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. [1]
• Its reddish colour is due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. [1]

187. Ans.

• Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. [1]
• It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall, resulting from intense leaching. [1]
• It is found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. [1]

188. Ans.

• Intense leaching removes fertile nutrients. [1]
• High temperature destroys bacteria, so humus content is low. [1]
• It needs manures and fertilisers; it suits tea, coffee and cashew nut with soil conservation. [1]

189. Ans.

• It ranges from red to brown in colour and is generally sandy and saline. [1]
• Humus and moisture are lacking. [1]
• Lower horizons are occupied by kankar due to increasing calcium content, which restricts infiltration of water. [1]

190. Ans.

• These soils are found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. [1]
• The soil texture varies according to the mountain environment: loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse-grained in the upper slopes. [1]
• They are acidic with low humus content in snow-covered areas, and fertile in the lower parts of the valleys. [1]

191. Ans.

• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is soil erosion. [1]
• Running water, wind and glaciers are agents of erosion. [1]
• Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining also lead to it. [1]

192. Ans.

• Gully erosion: running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels called gullies, making land unfit for cultivation (bad land or ravines, as in the Chambal basin). [1]
• Sheet erosion: water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope and removes the topsoil. [1]
• Sheet erosion is difficult to notice, while gullies are clearly visible. [1]

193. Ans.

• Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. [1]
• This helps in preventing soil erosion. [1]
• It also helps in retaining soil moisture. [1]

194. Ans.

• Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. [1]
• Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. [1]
• Western and central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming. [1]

195. Ans.

• Planting lines of trees to create shelter works as a check on wind erosion. [1]
• These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India. [1]
• They are used in arid and semi-arid areas. [1]

196. Ans.

• Large fields can be divided into strips. [1]
• Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. [1]
• This breaks up the force of the wind. [1]

197. Ans.

• Soil is formed over a long period by natural agents and is a living system. [1]
• Being a renewable resource, it can be built up through proper care, but this takes very long. [1]
• It should be conserved as it is the basis of agriculture and supports plant and animal life. [1]

198. Ans.

• Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life, and time are important factors. [1]
• Nature of parent rock determines colour, texture and chemical properties. [1]
• Chemical and organic changes take place in the soil. [1]

199. Ans.

• Some states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals but have poor infrastructure and water. [1]
• Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources but lacks infrastructure development. [1]
• The state of Rajasthan is rich in solar and wind energy but lacks water; Ladakh is a cold desert, so planning is needed. [1]

200. Ans.

• By using resources judiciously and avoiding wastage. [1]
• By recycling metals and reusing materials. [1]
• By switching to renewable sources like solar and wind power. [1]

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

201. Ans.

• Origin: biotic (forests, animals, fisheries) and abiotic (rocks, metals). [1]
• Exhaustibility: renewable (solar, wind, water, forests) and non-renewable (minerals, fossil fuels). [1]
• Ownership: individual, community, national and international resources. [1]
• Status of development: potential, developed, stock and reserves. [1]
• This classification helps in understanding how resources are used and planned. [1]

202. Ans.

• Individual resources: owned privately, e.g. land owned by farmers, houses, wells. [1]
• Community resources: accessible to all members, e.g. village commons, parks, playgrounds. [1]
• National resources: all resources within political boundaries including territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles; government can acquire private property for common good. [1]
• International resources: oceanic resources beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical miles) regulated by international institutions. [1]
• Hence the same resource may fall under different categories depending on who controls it. [1]

203. Ans.

• Potential resources: found in a region but not utilised, e.g. wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat. [1]
• Developed resources: surveyed and quality and quantity determined for utilisation, e.g. coal mines and oil fields. [1]
• Stock: materials with potential to satisfy needs but lacking technology, e.g. water (hydrogen and oxygen). [1]
• Reserves: part of the stock that can be used with existing technology but not yet in use, e.g. water in dams and forests. [1]
• The status of a resource changes with advances in technology. [1]

204. Ans.

• Resources are not mere gifts of nature; human beings are essential components. [1]
• Humans transform materials available in the environment into resources. [1]
• Water becomes a resource through technology, like hydroelectric power. [1]
• Resources must be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. [1]
• Thus human activity, technology and institutions decide whether something becomes a resource. [1]

205. Ans.

• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals. [1]
• Accumulation of resources in a few hands, dividing society into haves and have-nots. [1]
• Global ecological crises: global warming, ozone depletion, pollution and land degradation. [1]
• Remedies: judicious use of resources and resource planning. [1]
• Sustainable development, recycling and conservation at all levels are also needed. [1]

206. Ans.

• Sustainable development means development without damaging the environment and without compromising the needs of future generations. [1]
• The Brundtland Commission Report (1987) introduced and advocated the concept, ‘Our Common Future’. [1]
• In 1992 the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit was attended by over 100 heads of state. [1]
• It adopted Agenda 21 and endorsed the Forest Principles. [1]
• It is important to prevent resource depletion and ensure equitable access for all. [1]

207. Ans.

• Agenda 21 is a declaration signed by world leaders at the Rio Earth Summit, 1992. [1]
• It aims at achieving global sustainable development. [1]
• It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty and disease through global cooperation. [1]
• Every local government should draw up its own Local Agenda 21. [1]
• It promotes community participation and local-level planning. [1]

208. Ans.

• Said by Mahatma Gandhi, it blames greed and selfishness for resource depletion. [1]
• Modern technology's exploitative nature and mass production are responsible for the crisis. [1]
• Gandhiji advocated production by the masses instead of mass production. [1]
• E.F. Schumacher in Small is Beautiful (1974) also stressed conservation. [1]
• It teaches that resources are sufficient only if used with restraint. [1]

209. Ans.

• Resources are unevenly distributed across the country. [1]
• Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals but lack water and infrastructure. [1]
• Arunachal Pradesh has water but lacks infrastructure; Rajasthan has solar and wind but lacks water. [1]
• Ladakh is a cold desert with poor connectivity and few vital resources. [1]
• Planning ensures judicious and sustainable use and balanced regional development. [1]

210. Ans.

• Identification and inventory of resources across regions through surveying, mapping and estimation. [1]
• Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up for implementing national development plans. [1]
• Matching the resource development plans with the overall national development plans. [1]
• Resource planning is a complex process. [1]
• It involves proper technology and institutional change. [1]

211. Ans.

• Irrational consumption causes socio-economic and environmental problems. [1]
• Conservation ensures resources last for future generations. [1]
• Gandhi, Schumacher and the Club of Rome (1968) raised awareness. [1]
• The Brundtland Commission (1987) introduced sustainable development. [1]
• The Rio Summit (1992) adopted Agenda 21 for global conservation. [1]

212. Ans.

• India has a land area of 3.28 million sq km; use is recorded for 93 per cent of it. [1]
• Categories: forests, land not available for cultivation (barren, non-agricultural use), other uncultivated land (permanent pastures, cultivable waste), fallow lands and net sown area. [1]
• Land use is determined by physical factors like topography, climate and soil types and human factors like population density and technology. [1]
• Net sown area differs across states; Punjab and Haryana have about 80 per cent while Arunachal, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman have less. [1]
• Forest area is below the 33 per cent target of the National Forest Policy (1952). [1]

213. Ans.

• Physical factors: topography, climate and soil types. [1]
• Human factors: population density, technological capability and culture and traditions. [1]
• Land use also depends on the availability of other resources. [1]
• Net sown area varies in different states due to these factors. [1]
• Both types of factors jointly decide how land resources are used. [1]

214. Ans.

• Net sown area: area sown and harvested once. [1]
• Gross cropped area: net sown area plus area sown more than once. [1]
• Current fallow: left uncultivated for one or less than one year. [1]
• Other than current fallow: left uncultivated for one to five years. [1]
• Fallowing helps land recover fertility. [1]

215. Ans.

• Land degradation is the decline in quality and productivity of land; about 130 million hectares are degraded. [1]
• Deforestation and mining in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. [1]
• Overgrazing in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. [1]
• Over-irrigation causing waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. [1]
• Industrial effluents and mineral processing dust degrade land in many regions. [1]

216. Ans.

• Afforestation and proper management of grazing. [1]
• Planting shelter belts and stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. [1]
• Control of mining activities and proper management of waste lands. [1]
• Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents after treatment. [1]
• Water management to avoid waterlogging and salinity. [1]

217. Ans.

• Mining leaves deep scars and traces of overburdening after sites are abandoned. [1]
• Deforestation due to mining in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha is severe. [1]
• Mineral processing like grinding limestone for cement generates dust. [1]
• Dust settles and retards infiltration of water. [1]
• Industrial effluents contaminate land and rivers; hence treatment is necessary. [1]

218. Ans.

• Most widespread; covers the northern plains from Punjab to Assam and Gujarat's plains through Rajasthan. [1]
• Deposited by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra systems. [1]
• Consists of sand, silt and clay in varying proportions. [1]
• Very fertile; rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime; suited to sugarcane, paddy, wheat. [1]
• Bangar (old) and Khadar (new) are the two types; densely populated regions use it intensively. [1]

219. Ans.

• Bangar is old alluvium, Khadar is new alluvium. [1]
• Bangar has a higher concentration of kankar nodules. [1]
• Khadar has more fine particles and is more fertile. [1]
• Bangar lies away from the rivers; Khadar near the banks. [1]
• Both are part of alluvial soil of the northern plains. [1]

220. Ans.

• Formed from the weathering of lava rocks of the Deccan trap. [1]
• Made of extremely fine clayey material and is also called regur soil. [1]
• Retains moisture well; rich in lime, iron, magnesium and alumina but poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. [1]
• Becomes sticky when wet and develops cracks when dry; self-ploughing. [1]
• Best for cotton; also sugarcane, wheat, jowar and citrus fruits. [1]

221. Ans.

• Develop on crystalline igneous rocks in low-rainfall regions. [1]
• Found in eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. [1]
• Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, the southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. [1]
• Red colour due to iron diffusion; yellow when hydrated. [1]
• Generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus; need fertilisers. [1]

222. Ans.

• Develops under high temperature and heavy rainfall with intense leaching. [1]
• The name comes from the Latin ‘later’ meaning brick. [1]
• Humus content is low because bacteria are destroyed by high temperature. [1]
• Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. [1]
• Needs manure and fertilisers; suits tea, coffee and cashew nut. [1]

223. Ans.

• Colour ranges from red to brown; generally sandy and saline. [1]
• Found in western Rajasthan. [1]
• Lacks humus and moisture. [1]
• Kankar in lower horizons restricts infiltration of water. [1]
• Soil becomes cultivable with irrigation; common salt is obtained from some. [1]

224. Ans.

• Found in hilly and mountainous areas with sufficient rain forests. [1]
• Texture varies according to the mountain environment: loamy and silty in valleys, coarse-grained in upper slopes. [1]
• In the snow-covered areas of the Himalayas, they experience denudation and are acidic with low humus. [1]
• Soils in the lower parts of the valleys are fertile. [1]
• They support forest vegetation and orchards. [1]

225. Ans.

• Soils are classified into alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, arid and forest soils. [1]
• Alluvial soil: fertile deposit of rivers; best for wheat, rice and sugarcane. [1]
• Black soil: from lava, moisture retentive, ideal for cotton. [1]
• Others differ in climate and rock origin. [1]
• Soil classification helps in selecting crops and conservation. [1]

226. Ans.

• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is soil erosion. [1]
• Causes: deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, and natural forces like wind, glacier and water. [1]
• Gully erosion: deep channels, ravines in the Chambal basin. [1]
• Sheet erosion: removal of topsoil as a sheet by water. [1]
• Wind erosion: blowing of loose soil over flat land. [1]

227. Ans.

• Contour ploughing along the contour lines slows water flow. [1]
• Terrace farming by cutting steps on slopes as in the Himalayas. [1]
• Strip cropping leaves strips of grass between crops. [1]
• Shelter belts of trees check wind erosion in arid areas. [1]
• Afforestation and checking over-grazing also help. [1]

228. Ans.

• Gully erosion: running water cuts clayey soils into deep channels making land unfit for cultivation. [1]
• Bad land or ravines are formed, as in the Chambal basin. [1]
• Sheet erosion: water flows as a sheet over large areas, washing the topsoil. [1]
• Wind erosion: wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land. [1]
• All reduce fertility and agricultural productivity. [1]

229. Ans.

• Soil is the basis of agriculture and supports plant and animal life. [1]
• It is formed over thousands of years and is renewable only slowly. [1]
• Soil conservation through contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping and shelter belts. [1]
• Afforestation and controlled grazing protect the soil cover. [1]
• Planned irrigation avoids salinity and waterlogging. [1]

230. Ans.

• Relief, parent rock and climate. [1]
• Vegetation and other forms of life. [1]
• Time is an important factor in the formation of soil. [1]
• Parent rock determines colour, texture, chemical properties, mineral content and permeability. [1]
• Chemical and organic changes within the soil are also important. [1]

231. Ans.

• Territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles from the coast. [1]
• The country has sovereignty over resources within this limit. [1]
• The Exclusive Economic Zone extends up to 200 nautical miles. [1]
• Beyond the EEZ lies the open ocean, an international resource. [1]
• No single country can use international resources without international agreement. [1]

232. Ans.

• Availability of resources must be known by surveys. [1]
• Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up are required. [1]
• Matching resource development with national development plans. [1]
• Regional differences must be taken into account. [1]
• Planning also includes conservation and sustainable use. [1]

233. Ans.

• Gandhi said there is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed. [1]
• He criticised mass production. [1]
• E.F. Schumacher in Small is Beautiful (1974) advocated Gandhian philosophy of conservation. [1]
• The Club of Rome (1968) advocated resource conservation for the first time in a systematic way. [1]
• They influenced later international initiatives like the Brundtland Report. [1]

234. Ans.

• Humans convert materials of the environment into resources. [1]
• Technology changes which materials are considered resources. [1]
• For example, water and solar energy became resources with technology. [1]
• Institutions and culture also affect use. [1]
• Hence resource development depends on human activities. [1]

235. Ans.

• It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities and transport. [1]
• Land is an asset of a finite magnitude; its use must be planned. [1]
• About 43 per cent of India's land is plain, 30 per cent mountains and 27 per cent plateau. [1]
• Plains provide facilities for agriculture and industry. [1]
• Mountains ensure perennial flow of rivers, tourism and ecological aspects. [1]

236. Ans.

• Plains (43 per cent) provide agriculture and industry. [1]
• Mountains (30 per cent) ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. [1]
• Plateaus (27 per cent) possess rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests. [1]
• Together they decide land use. [1]
• Different relief supports different resource use. [1]

237. Ans.

• Over-irrigation raises the water table and causes waterlogging in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. [1]
• It increases salinity and alkalinity, making soil infertile. [1]
• Overgrazing in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh removes the vegetation cover. [1]
• Soil becomes exposed to erosion. [1]
• Proper management of grazing and irrigation is therefore necessary. [1]

238. Ans.

• Renewable resources can be replenished, e.g. solar, wind and water. [1]
• Non-renewable resources take millions of years to form, e.g. coal and petroleum. [1]
• Some like metals can be recycled. [1]
• Over-use of both leads to depletion or damage. [1]
• Conservation, recycling and use of renewable alternatives are necessary. [1]

239. Ans.

• It covers vast areas of the northern plains. [1]
• It is very fertile and supports intensive agriculture. [1]
• It produces wheat, rice, sugarcane and jute. [1]
• It sustains very high population density. [1]
• It contributes to food security of the nation. [1]

240. Ans.

• It retains moisture for a long period. [1]
• It is rich in lime, potash, calcium and magnesium. [1]
• It is clayey and aerates through cracks in summer. [1]
• Found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. [1]
• Hence it is also called black cotton soil. [1]

241. Ans.

• Parent rock determines colour and mineral content; lava gives black soil. [1]
• Climate: heavy rain with high heat gives laterite by leaching. [1]
• Low rainfall gives red soil on crystalline rocks. [1]
• Rivers' deposition forms alluvial soil. [1]
• Hence soil types differ regionally. [1]

242. Ans.

• Every local government has to draw up a Local Agenda 21. [1]
• Local people know their resources best. [1]
• Community resources like village commons need community management. [1]
• Participation ensures conservation and equitable use. [1]
• It helps to achieve sustainable development at all levels. [1]

243. Ans.

• Resource-rich states may lack infrastructure or other inputs. [1]
• Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh have minerals but low water. [1]
• Rajasthan has solar and wind energy but little water. [1]
• Arunachal Pradesh is rich in water but lacks infrastructure. [1]
• Therefore balanced planning is required for equal development. [1]

244. Ans.

• The Rio Earth Summit was convened for the global protection of environment and socio-economic development. [1]
• More than 100 heads of state attended. [1]
• The Summit endorsed the Forest Principles. [1]
• Agenda 21 was adopted to fight environmental damage, poverty and disease. [1]
• It made local governments draw their own plans. [1]

245. Ans.

• Mining and deforestation expose and scar land, especially in Jharkhand and Odisha. [1]
• Industrial waste and dust reduce soil quality and water infiltration. [1]
• Effluents contaminate rivers and land. [1]
• Solutions: afforestation and reclamation of mining sites. [1]
• Treatment of effluents and strict control on mining. [1]

246. Ans.

• Alluvial and black soils are the most fertile and productive. [1]
• Red and yellow soils need fertilisers. [1]
• Laterite and arid soils are poor in humus and need inputs. [1]
• Forest soils vary with slopes. [1]
• Crop choice and conservation measures depend on the soil type. [1]

247. Ans.

• Waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity of soil. [1]
• Loss of vegetation cover and erosion. [1]
• Deep gullies and ravines. [1]
• Controlled by afforestation, shelter belts and management of grazing. [1]
• Proper irrigation, treatment of effluents and regulation of mining are essential. [1]

248. Ans.

• Soil is formed by natural processes over long periods. [1]
• It can be renewed slowly through weathering and organic action. [1]
• Fast erosion and degradation damage this process. [1]
• Use of contour ploughing, terrace farming and strip cropping. [1]
• Sustainable agricultural practices protect it for the future. [1]

249. Ans.

• Forests provide timber, fuel and maintain ecological balance. [1]
• The National Forest Policy 1952 recommended 33 per cent forest cover. [1]
• Plains support agriculture and industry. [1]
• Plains have high population density. [1]
• Therefore both need careful planning and conservation. [1]

250. Ans.

• The Club of Rome (1968) was among the first to advocate resource conservation in a systematic way. [1]
• The Brundtland Commission Report (1987) introduced the concept of sustainable development. [1]
• The report was titled ‘Our Common Future’. [1]
• It advocated sustainable development as a means to resolve development–environment conflict. [1]
• It paved the way for the Rio Summit and Agenda 21. [1]

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

251. Ans.

• Responsibility and civic sense towards community resources. [1]
• Awareness campaign and persuade residents to stop dumping. [1]
• Complain to the Gram Panchayat for cleaning and fines. [1]

252. Ans.

• Resources are limited and future generations also need them. [1]
• Switching off unused lights and fans; closing taps when not in use. [1]
• It reflects the Gandhian value of need versus greed. [1]

253. Ans.

• Trees hold soil; cutting them causes soil erosion and land degradation. [1]
• He should adopt terrace farming and plant trees. [1]
• Sustainable and responsible use of land. [1]

254. Ans.

• Plant trees and keep school campus clean. [1]
• Reduce, reuse and recycle paper and plastic. [1]
• Conserve water and energy and spread awareness. [1]

255. Ans.

• Avoid wastage of food, water and energy. [1]
• Buy only what is required. [1]
• Share resources with those in need. [1]

256. Ans.

• They are meant for the benefit of all members. [1]
• Damage reduces facilities for everyone. [1]
• Protection shows cooperation and sense of ownership. [1]

257. Ans.

• Report to the pollution control authority. [1]
• Demand proper treatment of effluents. [1]
• Promote awareness about the harm to soil and health. [1]

258. Ans.

• It reduces the demand for new raw materials. [1]
• It saves energy and reduces pollution. [1]
• It protects resources for future generations. [1]

259. Ans.

• Accumulation by a few creates haves and have-nots. [1]
• Equity ensures dignity and basic needs for all. [1]
• It is the basis of sustainable and just development. [1]

260. Ans.

• Participate in planning and decision-making. [1]
• Protect local resources such as forests and water bodies. [1]
• Take initiative on waste management and sanitation. [1]

261. Ans.

• Impact on forests, wildlife and soil. [1]
• Rights and livelihood of local people. [1]
• Need for reclamation and sustainable mining practices. [1]

262. Ans.

• Everyone depends on food grown in soil. [1]
• Soil is a limited resource that takes long to form. [1]
• Soil conservation protects the environment for future. [1]

263. Ans.

• Use of manures, drip irrigation and crop rotation. [1]
• Avoid waterlogging and salinity. [1]
• Responsibility and care for land and future generations. [1]

264. Ans.

• Environmental problems are global and need collective action. [1]
• Countries agreed to Agenda 21. [1]
• International cooperation is essential for sustainable development. [1]

265. Ans.

• They often use resources sustainably with local knowledge. [1]
• They protect forests, water and soil. [1]
• Respecting them promotes cultural values and conservation. [1]

266. Ans.

• Explain the harm to health, soil and air politely. [1]
• Suggest segregation and municipal disposal. [1]
• Report to local authorities if needed. [1]

267. Ans.

• Trees hold soil, reduce erosion and improve water retention. [1]
• Participate in plantation drives and protect saplings. [1]
• It shows commitment to the environment. [1]

268. Ans.

• They are inexhaustible and non-polluting. [1]
• India has potential, especially in Rajasthan and Gujarat. [1]
• They reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainability. [1]

269. Ans.

• It increases pressure on resources and pollution. [1]
• The poor suffer most from shortage and degradation. [1]
• Simple living and moderation are ethical responses. [1]

270. Ans.

• Some regions are rich in resources but lack infrastructure. [1]
• Planning ensures equal benefits to all regions. [1]
• It promotes national unity and fairness. [1]

271. Ans.

• Use resources wisely and avoid wastage. [1]
• Spread awareness among family and friends. [1]
• Follow sustainable habits and encourage others. [1]

272. Ans.

• It protects soil fertility and reduces pollution. [1]
• It conserves soil life and health. [1]
• It supports sustainable agriculture. [1]

273. Ans.

• People know local needs and resources. [1]
• Participation ensures better implementation. [1]
• It builds democratic values and accountability. [1]

274. Ans.

• Rainfall is low and water is scarce. [1]
• Water is needed for survival and agriculture. [1]
• Rainwater harvesting and efficient use are required. [1]

275. Ans.

• Use public transport, reduce waste and save energy. [1]
• Buy local and avoid single-use plastics. [1]
• Plant trees and protect water sources. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. Resources = technologically accessible, economically feasible, culturally acceptable; function of human activity.
2. Classification: origin (biotic/abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable/non-renewable), ownership (individual/community/national/international), status (potential/developed/stock/reserves).
3. Territorial waters 12 nm; EEZ 200 nm; beyond EEZ = international.
4. Sustainable development: Brundtland 1987; Rio Earth Summit 1992; Agenda 21; Local Agenda 21.
5. Gandhi: enough for need, not for greed; Schumacher – Small is Beautiful (1974).
6. Resource planning – 3 stages: inventory; planning structure; matching with national plans.
7. Land use: 3.28 million sq km; 43% plains, 30% mountains, 27% plateaus; forest target 33% (1952).
8. Net sown area vs gross cropped area; current fallow (≤1 yr) vs other fallow (1–5 yrs); cultivable waste (>5 yrs).
9. Land degradation: mining (Jharkhand, Odisha), overgrazing (Gujarat, Rajasthan), over-irrigation (Punjab, Haryana).
10. Soils: alluvial (Bangar/Khadar), black/regur (cotton), red & yellow, laterite (tea, coffee, cashew), arid, forest.
11. Erosion types: gully (ravines), sheet, wind; control: contour ploughing, terraces, strip cropping, shelter belts.

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