CBSE Class 10 SST History Ch 4 The Age of Industrialisation Question Bank with Solutions

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Class 10 SST · History · Chapter 4 · Question Bank + Solutions

CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 4 : THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

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Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Name : ..................

Questions : 200Total Marks : 500

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X India and the Contemporary World – I (History), Chapter 4 (The Age of Industrialisation), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.50 are MCQs of 1 mark each (50 marks). Section B: Q.51 to Q.100 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (50 marks).
3. Section C: Q.101 to Q.150, Short Answer, 3 marks each (150 marks), about 60–80 words. Section D: Q.151 to Q.200, Long Answer, 5 marks each (250 marks), about 120–150 words.
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.50 Choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

1. ‘Proto-industrialisation’ refers to the phase of industrialisation that –

(a) was based on large factories(b) began after the Second World War(c) was limited to India(d) was not based on factories

2. In the proto-industrial system, merchants moved to the countryside because –

(a) the countryside had machines(b) towns lacked workers(c) peasants wanted factories(d) urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful in towns

3. Trade guilds were associations of –

(a) factory workers(b) merchants who traded in the countryside only(c) producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production and regulated competition(d) landless labourers

4. In the proto-industrial system, peasants and artisans began working for merchants because –

(a) they had plenty of land(b) the merchants paid very high wages(c) guilds forced them(d) open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, leaving poor peasants with little land

5. The ‘putting-out system’ means that –

(a) merchants supplied raw material to peasants and artisans working at home, who produced goods for the merchants(b) factories supplied raw material to workers inside mills(c) peasants sold goods in markets(d) merchants worked with guilds

6. Which of the following was a ‘stapler’?

(a) A person who sorted wool according to its fibre(b) A person who sold cloth(c) A person who dyed cloth(d) A person who spun cotton

7. Which was the first symbol of the new era of industrialisation in England?

(a) Silk(b) Wool(c) Cotton(d) Jute

8. Who created the cotton mill in England, a factory-based system for production?

(a) James Watt(b) Thomas Newcomen(c) James Hargreaves(d) Richard Arkwright

9. The earliest factories in England came up in the –

(a) 1530s(b) 1830s(c) 1930s(d) 1730s

10. The steam engine, improved by James Watt, was first produced as a full engine by –

(a) Matthew Boulton(b) Richard Arkwright(c) Henry Ford(d) Thomas Newcomen

11. The spinning jenny, a machine that increased the speed of spinning thread, was introduced in –

(a) the silk industry of India(b) the iron industry(c) the coal industry(d) the cotton industry of Britain

12. Why did women workers in the woollen industry attack spinning jennies in the 1790s?

(a) The machines threatened their jobs by reducing the demand for hand spinners(b) The machines were too noisy(c) The machines were British(d) They wanted to own the machines

13. In nineteenth-century Britain, a large number of workers were not employed in technologically advanced industries because –

(a) human labour was abundant and cheap, so industrialists preferred it to machines(b) no machines existed(c) workers refused to work in factories(d) the government banned machines

14. In seasonal industries like gas works, workers were needed –

(a) in summer(b) only in monsoon(c) in winter(d) throughout the year equally

15. In Victorian Britain, aristocrats and bourgeoisie preferred handmade goods because –

(a) they were cheaper(b) machine goods were unavailable(c) they symbolised refinement and class and were better finished(d) they were made in factories

16. By the mid-nineteenth century, in Britain, not more than ______ of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.

(a) 50 per cent(b) 75 per cent(c) 20 per cent(d) 90 per cent

17. Before the age of machine industries, Indian silk and cotton goods dominated the international market. The major pre-colonial ports for Indian trade were –

(a) Surat, Masulipatam and Hooghly(b) Bombay, Madras and Calcutta(c) Delhi, Lahore and Agra(d) Goa, Kochi and Goa

18. By the 1750s, the network of Indian trade through Surat and Hooghly –

(a) became stronger(b) declined as the European companies gained power(c) was taken over by Indian kings(d) reached China

19. Which of the following ports grew in importance as colonial trade expanded?

(a) Surat and Hooghly(b) Masulipatam and Surat(c) Bombay and Calcutta(d) Cochin and Bengal

20. A ‘gomastha’ was –

(a) an Indian merchant(b) a British factory owner(c) a paid servant of the East India Company appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth(d) a weaver

21. Why were the Indian weavers unhappy with the gomasthas?

(a) They paid weavers very high prices(b) They acted arrogantly, punished weavers for delays and prevented them from selling to other buyers(c) They gave free raw material(d) They were fellow weavers

22. When did the American Civil War break out, cutting off cotton supplies to Britain?

(a) 1760s(b) 1860s(c) 1930s(d) 1990s

23. What was the effect of the American Civil War on Indian weavers?

(a) Raw cotton prices rose and weavers faced shortages of supplies(b) Weavers’ incomes doubled(c) Weavers moved to America(d) Mills in India closed

24. The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in –

(a) 1754(b) 1904(c) 1954(d) 1854

25. The first jute mill in India was set up in Bengal in –

(a) 1755(b) 1855(c) 1955(d) 1655

26. Who set up six joint-stock companies in India in the 1830s and 1840s?

(a) Jamsetji Tata(b) Dwarkanath Tagore(c) G.D. Birla(d) Dinshaw Petit

27. Which of the following entrepreneurs made their fortune in the China trade (including opium)?

(a) G.D. Birla and Seth Hukumchand only(b) Dwarkanath Tagore and Dinshaw Petit(c) Andrew Yule and Bird Heilgers(d) Gandhi and Nehru

28. Who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917?

(a) G.D. Birla(b) Dwarkanath Tagore(c) J.N. Tata(d) Seth Hukumchand

29. Which of the following were European managing agencies that controlled large sectors of Indian industry?

(a) Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co.(b) Tata and Birla(c) Dwarkanath and Petit(d) Arkwright and Watt

30. The European Managing Agencies mainly were interested in –

(a) products such as tea, coffee, jute and indigo that were in demand in Britain(b) cotton cloth for Indian markets(c) chemicals for export(d) weapons

31. A ‘jobber’ in Indian factories was –

(a) an old trusted worker who recruited new workers and helped them settle in(b) a factory owner(c) a British manager(d) a trade union leader

32. Where did Bombay’s cotton mills mostly get their workers from?

(a) Ratnagiri district(b) Punjab(c) Bengal(d) Kerala

33. The number of factory workers in India increased from 584,000 in 1901 to –

(a) 1,000,000 in 1946(b) 10,000,000 in 1946(c) 584,000 in 1946(d) 2,436,000 in 1946

34. The fly shuttle, a mechanical device used for weaving, helped weavers because –

(a) it made cloth costlier(b) it was used in spinning(c) it required electricity(d) it allowed them to improve productivity and reduce labour demand

35. Which of the following sectors of Indian industry was dominated by handlooms in the early twentieth century?

(a) Steel(b) Jute(c) Cloth production, despite competition from mills(d) Coal mining

36. During the First World War, the Indian industries –

(a) declined as war closed markets(b) boomed as Manchester’s mills were busy producing for the war(c) stopped working(d) were taken over by Britain

37. After the First World War, Manchester –

(a) regained complete control(b) closed down(c) could never recapture its old position in the Indian market(d) moved to America

38. Labels on cloth bundles from Manchester helped –

(a) to increase tax(b) producers to identify their goods and give an idea of the origin and quality(c) to reduce prices(d) to ban Indian cloth

39. Why did Manchester producers print images of Indian gods and goddesses on labels?

(a) To please the British government(b) To avoid taxation(c) To make the goods appear acceptable and familiar to Indian buyers(d) To discourage the use of cloth

40. Calendars were popular as an advertisement in India because –

(a) they were used even by people who could not read, and hung in tea shops and offices(b) they were free of cost(c) they were mandatory(d) they showed only British kings

41. Indian manufacturers used advertisements to give a ______ message.

(a) nationalist(b) foreign(c) colonial(d) religious only

42. Which of the following was a feature of Indian industrialisation in the early twentieth century?

(a) Complete stop of industrial growth(b) Swadeshi movement encouraged Indian industries and boycott of foreign goods(c) Withdrawal of all British goods(d) Total control by Indian businessmen

43. The first cotton mill in Madras came up in –

(a) 1774(b) 1904(c) 1874(d) 1654

44. What did the cotton piece goods account for in the 1850s?

(a) 3 per cent of the exports(b) 0 per cent(c) More than 30 per cent of the value of Indian imports; and over 50 per cent by the 1870s(d) None of the imports

45. By the early twentieth century, Indian weavers could survive in the market because –

(a) they used steam engines(b) the British subsidised them(c) they refused to use yarn(d) they concentrated on coarse cloth and specialised varieties which were not easily copied by mills

46. Which of the following was NOT a reason for unemployment among Indian weavers in the nineteenth century?

(a) Collapse of export market(b) Increase in raw cotton supply at low prices(c) Flooding of the Indian market with Manchester imports(d) High prices of raw cotton

47. The nineteenth-century British industrial boom meant that –

(a) Britain imported finished goods only(b) Britain exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials from colonies(c) Britain stopped trade with India(d) India became an industrial leader

48. Which of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution in Britain is true?

(a) It was a gradual process, and factory industry grew slowly along with traditional crafts(b) It was a sudden change in all industries(c) It started in India(d) It ended hand production

49. A ‘fuller’ in the preparation of woollen cloth was a person who –

(a) sorted wool by fibre(b) gathered cloth by pleating(c) carded raw cotton(d) dyed silk

50. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was set up in Jamshedpur in –

(a) 1812(b) 1912(c) 1932(d) 1962

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.51 – Q.100 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.50 × 1 = 50

51. Assertion (A): In the proto-industrial phase, merchants moved to the countryside to get goods produced.
Reason (R): Urban crafts and trade guilds were strong and regulated production and prices in towns.

52. Assertion (A): Poor peasants and cottagers were willing to work for merchants.
Reason (R): Enclosures of open fields and commons reduced their sources of income.

53. Assertion (A): The putting-out system helped merchants expand production.
Reason (R): They could employ rural households without being restricted by the town guilds.

54. Assertion (A): Cotton became the symbol of the new era of industrialisation in England.
Reason (R): Mechanisation of spinning and weaving, with factories like Arkwright’s mill, led to a boom in cotton production.

55. Assertion (A): The spinning jenny was opposed by women spinners.
Reason (R): It reduced the demand for hand spinning, threatening their livelihood.

56. Assertion (A): In Britain, many industrialists did not introduce machines in the nineteenth century.
Reason (R): Labour was cheap and available in abundance.

57. Assertion (A): Wages of workers fell in nineteenth-century Britain when many people migrated to the cities.
Reason (R): The supply of labour exceeded the demand for jobs.

58. Assertion (A): Many industries in Britain employed workers only for certain months of the year.
Reason (R): Industries such as gas works and breweries had seasonal demand.

59. Assertion (A): The aristocrats and bourgeoisie in Victorian Britain preferred handmade goods.
Reason (R): Hand-made goods symbolised refinement, class and were carefully finished.

60. Assertion (A): Surat and Hooghly declined as trading ports in the 1750s.
Reason (R): European companies had secured monopoly rights and shifted trade to ports like Bombay and Calcutta.

61. Assertion (A): The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers.
Reason (R): It wanted to eliminate the existing traders and brokers, and ensure regular supply of cloth.

62. Assertion (A): Indian weavers resisted the gomasthas.
Reason (R): Gomasthas acted harshly, punishing weavers who delayed supplies and preventing them from selling to others.

63. Assertion (A): The Indian cotton weavers faced a shortage of raw cotton in the 1860s.
Reason (R): The American Civil War cut off Britain’s cotton imports, so Britain turned to India.

64. Assertion (A): The prices of raw cotton in India rose sharply in the 1860s.
Reason (R): Raw cotton exports from India to Britain increased due to the US Civil War.

65. Assertion (A): Jobbers had great power in Indian mills.
Reason (R): They recruited workers from their villages, ensured jobs and controlled their lives in the city.

66. Assertion (A): Handloom weaving survived in India despite competition from mill cloth.
Reason (R): Weavers specialised in coarse and special varieties that mills could not produce easily.

67. Assertion (A): Indian industries expanded during the First World War.
Reason (R): Manchester mills were busy producing war supplies and Indian mills supplied war needs.

68. Assertion (A): Manufacturers advertised their goods through labels and calendars.
Reason (R): Advertisements helped create a consumer market and made the goods known to people who could not read.

69. Assertion (A): The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in 1854.
Reason (R): The first jute mill in Bengal was set up in 1855.

70. Assertion (A): James Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine.
Reason (R): Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

71. Assertion (A): Dwarkanath Tagore set up joint-stock companies in the 1830s–40s.
Reason (R): Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.

72. Assertion (A): Many mill workers in Bombay came from Ratnagiri district.
Reason (R): Bombay was a major port city.

73. Assertion (A): Textiles was a dynamic industry in Britain.
Reason (R): Railways expanded in Britain from the 1840s.

74. Assertion (A): Manchester labels carried images of Indian gods and goddesses.
Reason (R): ‘Made in Manchester’ was printed on the labels.

75. Assertion (A): Calendars were used for advertising in India.
Reason (R): Calendars were produced in a variety of languages.

76. Assertion (A): The number of factory workers in India rose from 584,000 in 1901 to 2,436,000 in 1946.
Reason (R): The Swadeshi movement encouraged Indian industries.

77. Assertion (A): The Tata Iron and Steel Company was set up in 1912.
Reason (R): The Elgin Mill was set up at Kanpur in the 1860s.

78. Assertion (A): Textile mills in Madras began production in 1874.
Reason (R): Bombay’s first cotton mill was started in 1854.

79. Assertion (A): Fly shuttle looms helped Indian handloom weavers.
Reason (R): Indian weavers also imported mill-spun yarn.

80. Assertion (A): Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill brought the production under one roof.
Reason (R): Arkwright’s mill allowed the workers to work in their homes.

81. Assertion (A): The putting-out system helped merchants avoid the restrictions of town guilds.
Reason (R): In the putting-out system, merchants supplied machines to peasants’ homes.

82. Assertion (A): The spinning jenny reduced the demand for labour in spinning.
Reason (R): It was welcomed by all women spinners.

83. Assertion (A): In Victorian Britain, human labour was available in abundance.
Reason (R): As a result, wages rose steadily during the nineteenth century.

84. Assertion (A): The East India Company wanted to eliminate competition among the buyers of Indian cloth.
Reason (R): It allowed weavers to sell their cloth to any merchant who offered the best price.

85. Assertion (A): The gomasthas were Indian officials appointed by the East India Company.
Reason (R): They ensured fair treatment of weavers.

86. Assertion (A): The American Civil War affected Indian weavers.
Reason (R): It caused the prices of raw cotton in India to fall.

87. Assertion (A): The first Indian cotton mill was set up in Bombay.
Reason (R): It was set up as a weaving mill in 1854.

88. Assertion (A): Jobbers were important figures in Indian mills.
Reason (R): They were appointed by the government to protect workers.

89. Assertion (A): Indian industrialists such as Dwarkanath Tagore and Dinshaw Petit made money in trade.
Reason (R): Their capital came mainly from the sale of cotton in Britain.

90. Assertion (A): European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industry.
Reason (R): They concentrated on the production of cotton textiles for Indian consumers.

91. Assertion (A): Industrialisation in Britain was an overnight revolution.
Reason (R): Traditional industries continued to employ most workers.

92. Assertion (A): Guilds in towns were weak.
Reason (R): They controlled production and regulated competition and prices.

93. Assertion (A): Handmade goods were cheaper than machine-made goods in Victorian Britain.
Reason (R): Handmade goods symbolised refinement and class.

94. Assertion (A): Surat and Hooghly grew as ports in the colonial period.
Reason (R): Bombay and Calcutta grew as new ports under European control.

95. Assertion (A): The weavers in India were free to sell their cloth to any buyer after the Company’s control.
Reason (R): Weavers under gomasthas were not allowed to deal with other buyers.

96. Assertion (A): Indian cotton goods dominated Britain’s imports in the twentieth century.
Reason (R): India’s cotton textile exports declined as British goods flooded the market.

97. Assertion (A): Indian mills lost business during the First World War.
Reason (R): Manchester’s mills were busy with war production, and Indian mills supplied war needs.

98. Assertion (A): The jobber’s role in factories was to oppose the employer.
Reason (R): Jobbers recruited workers and helped them settle in, but also demanded money and gifts.

99. Assertion (A): Handloom weavers in India vanished completely after the mills came up.
Reason (R): Many handloom weavers survived by producing coarse cloth and special varieties.

100. Assertion (A): Manchester labels carried only English images.
Reason (R): Many labels carried images of Indian gods and goddesses to make goods acceptable.

SECTION – C (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

101. What is meant by proto-industrialisation?(3)

102. Why did merchants in Europe move to the countryside in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?(3)

103. Describe the working of the proto-industrial system.(3)

104. Why did poor peasants and artisans in the countryside agree to work for merchants?(3)

105. How did proto-industrial production benefit peasant families?(3)

106. What was the significance of the invention of the cotton mill by Richard Arkwright?(3)

107. Why was the growth of factories in England not as quick as is usually imagined?(3)

108. What were the ways in which steam engine and railways changed industry in England?(3)

109. Why did some Victorian industrialists prefer hand labour to machines?(3)

110. Why did the upper classes in Victorian Britain prefer handmade products?(3)

111. What were the hardships faced by the workers in the nineteenth century in Britain?(3)

112. Why did workers attack the spinning jenny?(3)

113. How did Indian textiles dominate the international market before colonial rule?(3)

114. What changes took place in the pattern of Indian trade after the 1750s?(3)

115. What were the steps taken by the East India Company to control the cloth trade?(3)

116. Who were gomasthas? Why were they disliked?(3)

117. What problems did Indian weavers face in the nineteenth century?(3)

118. How did the American Civil War affect cotton supply in India?(3)

119. Describe the early growth of factories in India.(3)

120. Who were the early Indian entrepreneurs? How did they build their capital?(3)

121. What were the European Managing Agencies in India?(3)

122. What were the limits to Indian entrepreneurs’ growth in the colonial period?(3)

123. From where did the factory workers come in Indian industries?(3)

124. Who was a jobber? What was his role?(3)

125. How did workers’ numbers grow in Indian factories between 1901 and 1946?(3)

126. How did handloom weavers survive in India?(3)

127. What was the fly shuttle?(3)

128. How did the First World War help the growth of industries in India?(3)

129. What was the impact of the war on Britain’s textile industry?(3)

130. Why did manufacturers use labels on their products?(3)

131. How did labels help in popularising foreign goods in India?(3)

132. What was the role of calendars in the advertisement of goods?(3)

133. How did Indian manufacturers use advertisements to spread the message of nationalism?(3)

134. How did the Swadeshi movement help Indian industries?(3)

135. What was the role of the Tata Iron and Steel Company in India’s industrial growth?(3)

136. Why did the British government not favour Indian industries in the nineteenth century?(3)

137. How did the demand for iron and coal grow with railways in the nineteenth century?(3)

138. Why did some Indian weavers migrate to cities in the nineteenth century?(3)

139. What was the role of Indian merchants and bankers in Indian pre-colonial trade?(3)

140. What led to the decline of Indian cotton exports during the nineteenth century?(3)

141. What were the stages in the manufacturing of woollen cloth in the proto-industrial system?(3)

142. How did the colonial government and nationalists’ views differ regarding India’s industrial development?(3)

143. What were the advantages of the factory system over the putting-out system?(3)

144. How did Marwari and Parsi businessmen contribute to the Indian industry?(3)

145. What did the growth of factories mean for the artisans and craftsmen in the colonies?(3)

146. Explain how the colonial economy affected the growth of Indian industries.(3)

147. What was the role of the advertising in creating a consumer culture?(3)

148. How did the pace of change in the nineteenth-century industry affect workers?(3)

149. Why is cotton called the first symbol of the new era of industrialisation?(3)

150. How did Indian industrialists organise themselves in the early twentieth century to protect their interests?(3)

SECTION – D (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

151. Explain proto-industrialisation. Why did it develop before factories?(5)

152. Describe the working of the putting-out system with the example of woollen cloth.(5)

153. ‘Industrialisation in Britain was not as rapid as often imagined.’ Justify the statement.(5)

154. Describe the role of technological innovations in British industrialisation.(5)

155. Why did industrialists in Britain not rush to adopt new machines in the nineteenth century? Explain.(5)

156. Describe the life of workers in nineteenth-century Britain.(5)

157. What were the effects of the spinning jenny on workers? Why did they oppose it?(5)

158. How were Indian textiles important in the world market before colonial rule?(5)

159. Describe the changes in Indian trade after the 1750s.(5)

160. How did the East India Company control the weavers? Explain.(5)

161. Explain the problems faced by Indian weavers in the nineteenth century.(5)

162. How did the American Civil War affect the Indian cotton industry?(5)

163. Describe the beginning of mechanised industries in India.(5)

164. Explain the contribution of early Indian entrepreneurs to industrial growth.(5)

165. Describe the role of European Managing Agencies in Indian industry.(5)

166. What were the limitations to the growth of industries in colonial India?(5)

167. Describe the sources of labour for Indian mills. What was the role of jobbers?(5)

168. Analyse the growth of factory workers in India during 1901–1946.(5)

169. ‘Handloom weavers survived in India despite competition from mills.’ Explain how.(5)

170. What was the fly shuttle? How did it help the weavers?(5)

171. Describe the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.(5)

172. Describe the importance of advertisements in the nineteenth-century market.(5)

173. How were labels used by Manchester manufacturers in India? Why did they use images of Indian gods?(5)

174. How did calendars help to advertise products in India? Why were they so popular?(5)

175. How did Indian manufacturers use advertisements to promote nationalism?(5)

176. Describe the impact of the Swadeshi movement on Indian industrial growth.(5)

177. What was the effect of colonial policy on Indian handicrafts and industries?(5)

178. Compare industrial growth in Britain and India in the nineteenth century.(5)

179. Describe the role of the iron and steel industry in India’s industrial growth.(5)

180. Why did the weavers of India not get a fair deal under the East India Company? Explain.(5)

181. How did the changes in trade in the eighteenth century affect India’s ports and merchants?(5)

182. Describe the expansion of the cotton piece-goods trade between British and Indian markets in the nineteenth century.(5)

183. Explain how the Indian industrial classes became politically conscious in the early twentieth century.(5)

184. Describe the consumer culture created by advertisements in colonial India.(5)

185. Why were the Indian weavers in Bengal and Madras affected in different ways during the nineteenth century?(5)

186. Discuss the changing nature of the labour force during the industrial period.(5)

187. How did the abundance of labour in Britain affect technological change?(5)

188. Explain how factory production differed from the putting-out system.(5)

189. Discuss the role of the Indian business classes in the Indian economy before 1947.(5)

190. Describe how Indian cotton and jute industries expanded in the twentieth century.(5)

191. ‘The age of industrialisation was a mixed blessing for artisans.’ Explain with examples.(5)

192. How did the coming of the railways connect to the industrial growth of the nineteenth century?(5)

193. Why was the role of the state important in the industrialisation of India and Britain?(5)

194. Explain the contribution of the Parsi and Marwari business communities to Indian industry.(5)

195. Discuss the cultural and economic effects of advertising and consumption in the colonial era.(5)

196. Describe the rise of mill industries in Ahmedabad and Kanpur.(5)

197. How did the colonial government’s tariff policy affect Indian industries?(5)

198. Why did the industrial workers in India remain poorly paid and dependent on jobbers? Explain.(5)

199. Assess the impact of industrialisation on the lives of ordinary people in Britain and India.(5)

200. Describe the major phases in the history of industrialisation covered in this chapter.(5)

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CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 4 : COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

The Age of Industrialisation · Answer Key with Solutions

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Total Marks : 500

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.50)

1. (d)	2. (d)	3. (c)	4. (d)	5. (a)	6. (a)	7. (c)	8. (d)	9. (d)	10. (d)
11. (d)	12. (a)	13. (a)	14. (c)	15. (c)	16. (c)	17. (a)	18. (b)	19. (c)	20. (c)
21. (b)	22. (b)	23. (a)	24. (d)	25. (b)	26. (b)	27. (b)	28. (d)	29. (a)	30. (a)
31. (a)	32. (a)	33. (d)	34. (d)	35. (c)	36. (b)	37. (c)	38. (b)	39. (c)	40. (a)
41. (a)	42. (b)	43. (c)	44. (c)	45. (d)	46. (b)	47. (b)	48. (a)	49. (b)	50. (b)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.51 – Q.100)

51. (a)	52. (a)	53. (a)	54. (a)	55. (a)	56. (a)	57. (a)	58. (a)	59. (a)	60. (a)
61. (a)	62. (a)	63. (a)	64. (a)	65. (a)	66. (a)	67. (a)	68. (a)	69. (b)	70. (b)
71. (b)	72. (b)	73. (b)	74. (b)	75. (b)	76. (b)	77. (b)	78. (b)	79. (b)	80. (c)
81. (c)	82. (c)	83. (c)	84. (c)	85. (c)	86. (c)	87. (c)	88. (c)	89. (c)	90. (c)
91. (d)	92. (d)	93. (d)	94. (d)	95. (d)	96. (d)	97. (d)	98. (d)	99. (d)	100. (d)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (d) was not based on factories

Before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market which was not based on factories.

2. Ans. (d) urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful in towns

Guilds regulated competition, controlled production and prices in towns, so merchants turned to peasants and artisans in the countryside.

3. Ans. (c) producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production and regulated competition

Guilds maintained control over production, restricted the entry of new people into trade and fixed prices.

4. Ans. (d) open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, leaving poor peasants with little land

Cottagers and poor peasants who had no land to look after were happy to work for merchants to supplement their meagre incomes.

5. Ans. (a) merchants supplied raw material to peasants and artisans working at home, who produced goods for the merchants

The merchant clothier supplied the raw material, and the finished product was collected by merchants.

6. Ans. (a) A person who sorted wool according to its fibre

A stapler sorted wool according to its fibre; the fuller gathered cloth by pleating.

7. Ans. (c) Cotton

Cotton was the first symbol; its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.

8. Ans. (d) Richard Arkwright

Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill; the new factories gave workers a place to work under supervision.

9. Ans. (d) 1730s

The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s, but the number multiplied only by the late eighteenth century.

10. Ans. (d) Thomas Newcomen

Newcomen produced the first full engine in 1712; James Watt improved it and patented his new design in 1781.

11. Ans. (d) the cotton industry of Britain

The jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand; women in Lancashire and Yorkshire attacked the new machines.

12. Ans. (a) The machines threatened their jobs by reducing the demand for hand spinners

The jenny drastically reduced demand for hand spinners, who were mostly women.

13. Ans. (a) human labour was abundant and cheap, so industrialists preferred it to machines

Industrialists did not want to introduce machines as labour was cheap and available in large supply.

14. Ans. (c) in winter

Gas works and breweries needed more workers in the cold months; bookbinders and printers needed more at Christmas.

15. Ans. (c) they symbolised refinement and class and were better finished

Hand-made goods came to symbolise refinement and class, and were individually produced and carefully finished.

16. Ans. (c) 20 per cent

Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large part of the workforce worked in traditional industries.

17. Ans. (a) Surat, Masulipatam and Hooghly

These ports linked India with Gulf and Red Sea ports, the Southeast Asian ports and Europe.

18. Ans. (b) declined as the European companies gained power

The European companies secured concessions and monopoly rights; Surat and Hooghly declined, and Bombay and Calcutta grew.

19. Ans. (c) Bombay and Calcutta

Trade shifted to the new ports of Bombay and Calcutta under the control of European companies.

20. Ans. (c) a paid servant of the East India Company appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth

Gomasthas acted harshly: weavers were beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

21. Ans. (b) They acted arrogantly, punished weavers for delays and prevented them from selling to other buyers

Weavers were forbidden from dealing with other buyers; they often had to take advances and were bound to the Company.

22. Ans. (b) 1860s

Britain turned to India for raw cotton, and its price shot up in India; weavers faced shortage.

23. Ans. (a) Raw cotton prices rose and weavers faced shortages of supplies

Weavers were forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices and could not make profits.

24. Ans. (d) 1854

The first cotton mill in Bombay was established in 1854, as a spinning mill; Ahmedabad’s first mill started in 1861.

25. Ans. (b) 1855

The first jute mill was set up in Bengal in 1855; another came up in 1862.

26. Ans. (b) Dwarkanath Tagore

Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade and set up joint-stock companies in Calcutta.

27. Ans. (b) Dwarkanath Tagore and Dinshaw Petit

Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, J.N. Tata and Seth Hukumchand had trade links with China.

28. Ans. (d) Seth Hukumchand

Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, set up the first Indian-owned jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.

29. Ans. (a) Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co.

European Managing Agencies set up and managed joint-stock companies in India.

30. Ans. (a) products such as tea, coffee, jute and indigo that were in demand in Britain

They invested in plantations, mining and trade items that were needed in Britain.

31. Ans. (a) an old trusted worker who recruited new workers and helped them settle in

Jobbers got people from their villages, ensured jobs, but later demanded money and gifts from them.

32. Ans. (a) Ratnagiri district

More than half of the workers in Bombay’s cotton mills in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri; Kanpur’s came from villages near Kanpur.

33. Ans. (d) 2,436,000 in 1946

Their number rose to 2,436,000 by 1946.

34. Ans. (d) it allowed them to improve productivity and reduce labour demand

The fly shuttle, moved by means of ropes and pulleys, enabled handloom weavers to produce more cloth.

35. Ans. (c) Cloth production, despite competition from mills

Handlooms survived, as weavers improved techniques, produced coarse cloth and specialised in varieties that mills could not copy.

36. Ans. (b) boomed as Manchester’s mills were busy producing for the war

Indian mills supplied war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots; new factories were set up.

37. Ans. (c) could never recapture its old position in the Indian market

Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, Britain’s economy crumbled.

38. Ans. (b) producers to identify their goods and give an idea of the origin and quality

Labels carried the place of manufacture, the company name, the trademark and ‘Made in Manchester’.

39. Ans. (c) To make the goods appear acceptable and familiar to Indian buyers

Images of gods and goddesses (Krishna, Saraswati) gave the imported goods a sense of divine approval.

40. Ans. (a) they were used even by people who could not read, and hung in tea shops and offices

Calendars were displayed through the year, and publicised the products and images of gods, emperors and nawabs.

41. Ans. (a) nationalist

Their advertisements carried the message: ‘if you care for the nation, buy products that Indians produce’.

42. Ans. (b) Swadeshi movement encouraged Indian industries and boycott of foreign goods

The Swadeshi movement boosted Indian-made goods; nationalists boycotted foreign cloth.

43. Ans. (c) 1874

By the late nineteenth century, cotton mills came up in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Kanpur and Madras (1874).

44. Ans. (c) More than 30 per cent of the value of Indian imports; and over 50 per cent by the 1870s

Cotton piece goods imports grew; by the 1870s they accounted for over 50 per cent of the value of imports.

45. Ans. (d) they concentrated on coarse cloth and specialised varieties which were not easily copied by mills

Weavers and craftspeople adapted: they used imported mill yarn and produced coarse cloth for the poor.

46. Ans. (b) Increase in raw cotton supply at low prices

Raw cotton supplies were short and prices high, not low.

47. Ans. (b) Britain exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials from colonies

Colonial trade patterns made India a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods.

48. Ans. (a) It was a gradual process, and factory industry grew slowly along with traditional crafts

The pace of industrial change was not as fast as often imagined; traditional industries continued to employ many workers.

49. Ans. (b) gathered cloth by pleating

The fuller gathered cloth by pleating; the stapler sorted wool according to its fibre, and the carder untangled it.

50. Ans. (b) 1912

TISCO came up in 1912; the Indian iron and steel industry grew with the support of nationalist businessmen, along with the Swadeshi spirit.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

51. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

52. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

53. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

54. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

55. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

56. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

57. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

58. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

59. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

60. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

61. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

62. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

63. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

64. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

65. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

66. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

67. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

68. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

69. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true, but R does not explain A.

70. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the two inventions are separate facts.

71. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is a separate fact and does not explain A.

72. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the port status is not an explanation for the origin of workers.

73. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is not the explanation of A.

74. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain why images of gods and goddesses were used.

75. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

76. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the Swadeshi movement is a factor but does not directly explain these figures.

77. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; two separate facts.

78. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain the date of the Madras mill.

79. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; each is a separate way weavers adapted.

80. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: the factory brought workers to a single place under supervision.

81. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: merchants supplied raw material; the work was done by hand.

82. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: women spinners attacked the machine.

83. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: abundant labour kept wages low.

84. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true: it wanted to control supply and prices through gomasthas. R is false: weavers were forbidden from dealing with other buyers.

85. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: gomasthas acted harshly, beating and punishing weavers.

86. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: prices rose because exports to Britain increased.

87. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was a spinning mill.

88. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: they were trusted workers of the employer who recruited labour.

89. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: their capital came largely from the China trade, including opium.

90. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: they were interested in tea, coffee, jute, indigo and mining for Britain.

91. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: change was gradual. R is true.

92. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: guilds were powerful. R is true.

93. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: hand-made goods were costlier. R is true.

94. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they declined. R is true.

95. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they were bound to the Company. R is true.

96. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: Indian exports fell. R is true.

97. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: Indian industry expanded. R is true.

98. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they served the employer. R is true.

99. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: handlooms survived. R is true.

100. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they carried Indian gods and goddesses. R is true.

SECTION – C (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

101. Ans.

• It was the phase of industrial production for an international market before the coming of factories. [1]
• Production was carried out by peasants and artisans working in their homes in the countryside. [1]
• Merchants from the towns supplied raw material and collected the finished goods (the putting-out system). [1]

102. Ans.

• In towns, the trade guilds were powerful; they controlled production and regulated competition and prices. [1]
• Merchants could not set up new business in towns because of the restrictions. [1]
• In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans were available to work for them as open fields were enclosed. [1]

103. Ans.

• A merchant clothier bought wool from a wool stapler and carried it to spinners; the yarn was taken to weavers, fullers and dyers. [1]
• Cloth was finished in London before being exported. [1]
• All the work was done in households of peasants and artisans, and the merchant supervised the stages. [1]

104. Ans.

• Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed; poor peasants had little land. [1]
• They had to find alternative sources of income. [1]
• Working for the merchants gave them extra earnings, and families could use their labour at home. [1]

105. Ans.

• Peasant households could combine agriculture and industrial work. [1]
• They could use the labour of all family members during slack seasons in agriculture. [1]
• This supplemented their meagre incomes from tiny plots. [1]

106. Ans.

• It brought the production process under one roof under supervision. [1]
• It enabled the careful watching of the quality of the product and the regulation of labour. [1]
• It marked the beginning of the factory system in England. [1]

107. Ans.

• Even in the mid-nineteenth century, the biggest employment was in traditional industries, not factories. [1]
• Technological changes occurred slowly; machines were expensive and often broke down. [1]
• Industrialists could rely on a vast supply of cheap labour, and not many were interested in new machines. [1]

108. Ans.

• The steam engine of Watt was a more efficient power source, which helped many industries. [1]
• Railways expanded in the 1840s and opened the markets and demand for iron and coal. [1]
• Industrial growth in cotton, iron, and steel was linked to the railways. [1]

109. Ans.

• Labour was cheap and available in abundance. [1]
• Machines needed heavy investment and repairs. [1]
• Seasonal industries required variable labour; some goods demanded detailed skills. [1]

110. Ans.

• Handmade goods came to symbolise refinement and class. [1]
• They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. [1]
• Machine goods were meant for the export market and colonies. [1]

111. Ans.

• There was an abundance of labour, so wages were low. [1]
• Workers had to wait for jobs and had seasonal employment. [1]
• Unemployment was high in towns, and workers lived in poor conditions. [1]

112. Ans.

• The jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced demand for hand spinners. [1]
• Women who survived on hand spinning feared losing their livelihood. [1]
• They began attacking the new machines; this conflict went on for a long time. [1]

113. Ans.

• Fine cotton and silk goods from India were widely sold in Europe and Asia. [1]
• Ports such as Surat, Masulipatam and Hooghly linked India with markets in the Gulf, Southeast Asia and Europe. [1]
• A network of Indian merchants and bankers financed the production and export of goods. [1]

114. Ans.

• The network of Indian merchants broke down as European companies gained power. [1]
• Surat and Hooghly declined, and Bombay and Calcutta grew. [1]
• Trade came under the control of European companies, which used ships and their monopoly. [1]

115. Ans.

• It tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers. [1]
• It appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers and examine the quality of cloth. [1]
• It prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by giving advances. [1]

116. Ans.

• They were paid servants of the Company who supervised weavers, collected supplies and examined cloth. [1]
• They were outsiders who had no social link with the village. [1]
• They acted arrogantly, punished weavers and often beat and flogged them for delays. [1]

117. Ans.

• Their export market collapsed and the local market was flooded with Manchester imports. [1]
• By the 1860s, they faced shortage of raw cotton, and prices rose. [1]
• By the end of the century, Indian factories began production, flooding the market with machine goods. [1]

118. Ans.

• When the Civil War broke out in the 1860s, cotton supplies from the US to Britain were cut. [1]
• Britain turned to India, so the exports of raw cotton increased. [1]
• The price of raw cotton shot up in India; weavers were starved of supplies. [1]

119. Ans.

• The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in 1854 as a spinning mill. [1]
• The first jute mill came up in Bengal in 1855. [1]
• The Elgin Mill in Kanpur (1860s), Ahmedabad’s mill in 1861 and Madras in 1874 followed. [1]

120. Ans.

• Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, J.N. Tata and Seth Hukumchand were early entrepreneurs. [1]
• They had accumulated wealth through trade with China, including the opium trade. [1]
• The father and grandfather of G.D. Birla also made their fortune in the China trade. [1]

121. Ans.

• Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co. were European agencies. [1]
• They raised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. [1]
• They invested in tea, coffee, indigo, jute and mining – goods needed in Britain. [1]

122. Ans.

• The colonial government did not give protection to Indian industries. [1]
• They faced competition from British goods and European Managing Agencies. [1]
• Capital and technical support were limited. [1]

123. Ans.

• Most of the workers came from neighbouring districts. [1]
• More than half of Bombay’s cotton mill workers in 1911 came from Ratnagiri, and Kanpur’s from nearby villages. [1]
• Peasants and artisans moved to the mills when they were pushed out of their villages. [1]

124. Ans.

• A jobber was an old and trusted worker of the industrialist, often from his own village. [1]
• He got the new recruits, ensured they had jobs, and helped them settle in the city. [1]
• He also demanded money and gifts for favours and controlled the lives of the workers. [1]

125. Ans.

• From 584,000 in 1901, the number grew to 2,436,000 by 1946. [1]
• Most workers worked in Bengal and Bombay provinces. [1]
• Growth was due to expansion of cotton and jute mills. [1]

126. Ans.

• They used better technology like the fly shuttle to increase productivity. [1]
• They specialised in coarse and varied fabrics which mills could not produce easily. [1]
• They used mill-spun yarn and sold to poorer buyers. [1]

127. Ans.

• It was a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pulleys. [1]
• It helped weavers to pull the shuttle and speed up the production of cloth. [1]
• By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. [1]

128. Ans.

• Manchester mills were busy making war goods; imports into India fell. [1]
• Indian mills got a vast home market and supplied war needs: jute bags, army cloth, tents and boots. [1]
• New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. [1]

129. Ans.

• British mills were unable to modernise or compete with the USA, Germany and Japan. [1]
• Manchester lost its hold on the Indian market. [1]
• The British economy crumbled after the war and cotton production collapsed. [1]

130. Ans.

• Labels carried information on the place of production and the company. [1]
• They told the buyer about the quality. [1]
• ‘Made in Manchester’ on the label was a sign of quality. [1]

131. Ans.

• Images of Indian gods and goddesses (such as Krishna and Saraswati) were printed on them. [1]
• The images gave the foreign goods divine approval and made them familiar to Indian buyers. [1]
• The labels also carried images of beautiful women and landscapes. [1]

132. Ans.

• Calendars were popular as even the people who could not read could understand them. [1]
• They were hung in tea shops, offices and middle-class homes. [1]
• The calendar gave publicity to the products throughout the year. [1]

133. Ans.

• Advertisements carried images of nationalist leaders and symbols. [1]
• They carried a clear nationalist message: ‘if you care for the nation, buy products that Indians produce’. [1]
• These advertisements became a vehicle of the Swadeshi message. [1]

134. Ans.

• Nationalists asked people to boycott foreign cloth and to use Indian goods. [1]
• This created demand for Indian-made cloth. [1]
• Industrialists gave financial help to the nationalist movement. [1]

135. Ans.

• TISCO was set up in Jamshedpur in 1912. [1]
• It was one of the first major iron and steel enterprises in India. [1]
• It created employment and showed that Indian industrialists could set up heavy industry. [1]

136. Ans.

• It promoted British manufacturing and sought Indian markets and raw materials. [1]
• It imposed no heavy tariffs on British goods entering India. [1]
• The colonial policy treated India as a supplier of raw materials. [1]

137. Ans.

• Railways needed rails, locomotives and wagons made of iron and steel. [1]
• Coal was required for the steam engines. [1]
• This stimulated the growth of the iron, steel and coal industries. [1]

138. Ans.

• Their export market collapsed and local buyers shifted to imports. [1]
• They found it difficult to get raw cotton at fair prices. [1]
• They searched for jobs in mills and urban work. [1]

139. Ans.

• They financed the production of goods and exports. [1]
• Supply merchants linked the port with the inland weavers. [1]
• Export merchants negotiated with shippers and trade at ports. [1]

140. Ans.

• Cheap machine-made cotton goods from Manchester flooded Indian markets. [1]
• Import duties and conditions were favourable to British goods. [1]
• India exported raw cotton and imported finished goods. [1]

141. Ans.

• The stapler sorted wool according to its fibre. [1]
• The carder disentangled the wool, then the wool was spun into yarn and woven. [1]
• The fuller gathered the cloth by pleating, and the cloth was dyed and finished. [1]

142. Ans.

• The government wanted raw materials and markets for British goods. [1]
• Nationalists wanted protection and industrialisation within India. [1]
• Indian entrepreneurs supported Swadeshi to strengthen indigenous industries. [1]

143. Ans.

• Production was under supervision and quality control was easier. [1]
• Machines allowed bulk production at lower cost. [1]
• Workers could be disciplined and regulated. [1]

144. Ans.

• Parsi businessmen of Bombay, like Dinshaw Petit and the Tatas, invested in cotton mills and steel. [1]
• Marwari businessmen like Seth Hukumchand set up jute mills and the Birla family also became industrialists. [1]
• They used capital from trade and gave support to the national movement. [1]

145. Ans.

• Craft production declined as cheaper machine goods took their markets. [1]
• Many artisans lost jobs and moved to farming or to cities. [1]
• Some adapted their products and survived in niche markets. [1]

146. Ans.

• India became a supplier of raw materials and a buyer of finished goods. [1]
• Tariff policy and monopoly favoured British trade. [1]
• Indian industries grew slowly and often with European control. [1]

147. Ans.

• Advertising made products known and created desire for them. [1]
• Labels, calendars and posters spread the products in the market. [1]
• It also helped to create brand loyalty. [1]

148. Ans.

• Machines replaced hand labour in some fields, causing unemployment. [1]
• New jobs in factories emerged, but wages were low. [1]
• Workers had to adjust to new discipline and work timings. [1]

149. Ans.

• Cotton production expanded rapidly with the mechanisation of spinning and weaving in the late eighteenth century. [1]
• Raw cotton imports into Britain rose from about 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds by 1787. [1]
• Cotton mills like Arkwright’s showed the new factory system. [1]

150. Ans.

• They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920. [1]
• The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) was formed in 1927. [1]
• They demanded protection against imports and supported the nationalist movement. [1]

SECTION – D (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

151. Ans.

• Proto-industrialisation was large-scale industrial production for an international market that was not based on factories. [1]
• Urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful and regulated production, competition and prices, so merchants could not expand business in towns. [1]
• Merchants moved to the countryside and supplied money and raw material to peasants and artisans (putting-out system). [1]
• Poor peasants and cottagers, who had little land due to enclosures, were glad to earn extra income. [1]
• This system produced goods for the international market and prepared the ground for the factory system. [1]

152. Ans.

• A merchant clothier bought wool from a wool stapler, who sorted wool according to fibre. [1]
• The wool was given to spinners in the countryside, and the yarn was collected and taken to weavers. [1]
• The woven cloth was taken to fullers, who gathered the cloth by pleating, and to dyers. [1]
• The cloth was finally finished in London before being exported. [1]
• The whole production was controlled by the merchant, though the work was done in peasants’ homes. [1]

153. Ans.

• The earliest factories came in the 1730s, but their number multiplied only slowly; cotton and metal industries were dynamic. [1]
• Even in the mid-nineteenth century not more than 20 per cent of the workforce was in technologically advanced industries. [1]
• Traditional industries employed a larger number of workers; the pace of change in these was slow. [1]
• New machines were expensive and often broke down; merchants and industrialists hesitated to use them. [1]
• Abundant cheap labour made manual work profitable. [1]

154. Ans.

• Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill brought production under one roof, enabling supervision. [1]
• The spinning jenny speeded up spinning and reduced the labour needed. [1]
• Thomas Newcomen made the first steam engine in 1712; James Watt improved it in 1781, making it more efficient. [1]
• Steam power was used to drive machines in many industries. [1]
• Railways in the 1840s created demand for iron and coal, and encouraged industrial growth. [1]

155. Ans.

• Machines were costly, and the owners were cautious about investing in them. [1]
• Machines often broke down, and repairs were costly. [1]
• Labour was cheap and abundant, so industrialists preferred hand labour. [1]
• Seasonal industries needed flexible, variable labour rather than fixed machines. [1]
• Some goods required skill and detailed craftsmanship, which machines could not provide. [1]

156. Ans.

• There was an abundance of labour as people from the villages moved to towns in search of jobs. [1]
• Workers had to wait long for jobs, and wages were low. [1]
• Many jobs were seasonal, with workers employed only for part of the year. [1]
• The introduction of machines like the spinning jenny led to unemployment and protests by workers. [1]
• Conditions in cities were poor, with overcrowding and unhealthy surroundings. [1]

157. Ans.

• The jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced the demand for labour. [1]
• Women who survived on hand spinning feared the loss of their livelihood. [1]
• They started attacking the new machines. [1]
• The conflict between the hand spinners and the jennies continued for a long time. [1]
• The workers’ protest showed that technology could threaten livelihoods in the early industrial age. [1]

158. Ans.

• Indian silk and cotton goods had a vast market in Asia, the Gulf region and Europe. [1]
• Surat, Masulipatam and Hooghly were major ports linked to overseas markets. [1]
• A network of Indian supply and export merchants and bankers financed production and trade. [1]
• Weavers and artisans in the interior produced goods for export merchants. [1]
• Fine Indian cloth was in demand because of its quality and design. [1]

159. Ans.

• European companies gained power, first securing concessions from local courts and then monopoly rights. [1]
• The network of Indian merchants was broken and these merchants were reduced to supplying goods to the Company. [1]
• Surat and Hooghly declined while Bombay and Calcutta grew as colonial ports. [1]
• Trade came to be controlled by European companies, who used their own ships. [1]
• The credit and trade of Indian merchants collapsed, and export merchants went bankrupt. [1]

160. Ans.

• The Company wanted to eliminate competition from other traders and ensure a regular supply of cloth. [1]
• It appointed paid servants called gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality. [1]
• Weavers were given advances, and were forbidden to sell to other buyers. [1]
• Gomasthas punished weavers who delayed supplies, often beating and flogging them. [1]
• Weavers resisted by moving to other villages, or by refusing to take advances. [1]

161. Ans.

• Their export market collapsed because of competition from cheap British cloth. [1]
• The local market was flooded with Manchester imports. [1]
• By the 1860s they faced a shortage of raw cotton, as the American Civil War diverted Indian cotton to Britain. [1]
• Raw-cotton prices rose and weavers had to buy it at exorbitant prices. [1]
• By the end of the century Indian factories flooded the market with machine goods. [1]

162. Ans.

• Cotton supplies from the US to Britain were cut during the Civil War of the 1860s. [1]
• Britain turned to India for raw cotton, and exports of Indian raw cotton rose. [1]
• The price of raw cotton shot up in India. [1]
• Indian weavers starved of supplies and forced to buy at high prices. [1]
• This reduced the profits and employment for weavers. [1]

163. Ans.

• The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in 1854, as a spinning mill; Ahmedabad’s first mill was in 1861. [1]
• In Bengal, the first jute mill was set up in 1855. [1]
• The Elgin Mill in Kanpur came up in the 1860s; Madras’s first mill in 1874. [1]
• Entrepreneurs used capital from trade, especially trade with China. [1]
• The mills grew in number with European Managing Agencies and Indian businessmen. [1]

164. Ans.

• Dwarkanath Tagore set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. [1]
• Dinshaw Petit and J.N. Tata, Parsi businessmen of Bombay, made their wealth in trade with China and Britain, and invested in cotton mills and iron and steel. [1]
• Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. [1]
• G.D. Birla’s family had made fortunes in the China trade before entering industry. [1]
• They supported the nationalist movement and expanded Indian industry. [1]

165. Ans.

• Firms such as Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner & Co. were prominent. [1]
• They raised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. [1]
• They mostly invested in tea, coffee, indigo, jute and mining, which Britain wanted. [1]
• Indian businessmen could not easily compete with them. [1]
• They helped the colonial economy but limited Indian industrial independence. [1]

166. Ans.

• The colonial government was not interested in protecting Indian industries. [1]
• British goods came to India with low import duties. [1]
• European Managing Agencies controlled major industries. [1]
• Capital and technology were limited for Indian entrepreneurs. [1]
• Indian industries were oriented toward raw material exports and coarse products. [1]

167. Ans.

• Workers came mainly from neighbouring districts; in Bombay, more than half came from Ratnagiri. [1]
• Kanpur’s mills got workers from the surrounding villages. [1]
• Peasants and artisans came to the mills in search of jobs. [1]
• The jobber recruited workers from his own village, ensured them jobs and helped them settle in. [1]
• He also demanded money and gifts and controlled their lives, becoming a person of authority. [1]

168. Ans.

• From 584,000 workers in 1901, their number rose to 2,436,000 in 1946. [1]
• Most of the workers worked in Bengal and Bombay. [1]
• Cotton and jute mills employed the largest numbers. [1]
• Most workers were from villages and were recruited through jobbers. [1]
• The expansion came with the growth of factories in the early twentieth century and the war boom. [1]

169. Ans.

• They used mill-spun yarn and focused on weaving rather than spinning. [1]
• They adopted the fly shuttle, which improved productivity; by 1941, more than 35 per cent of handlooms had it. [1]
• They concentrated on products like coarse cloth for the poor that mills could not produce easily. [1]
• They wove special varieties such as sarees and cloths with designs that mills could not copy easily. [1]
• The weaving sector thus continued with a large number of workers. [1]

170. Ans.

• The fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pulleys. [1]
• It helped the weavers to throw the shuttle efficiently. [1]
• Productivity per worker increased and demand for labour fell. [1]
• By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India had fly shuttles. [1]
• In Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal, the proportion was 70–80 per cent. [1]

171. Ans.

• British mills were busy with war production, so cloth imports from Manchester fell. [1]
• Indian mills got a vast home market for their products. [1]
• Indian factories were asked to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for uniforms, tents and leather boots, and saddles. [1]
• New factories were set up, old ones ran multiple shifts, and the number of workers rose. [1]
• After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. [1]

172. Ans.

• Advertisements made products known to consumers and created demand. [1]
• They appeared in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls. [1]
• Labels, calendars and posters spread the message even to those who could not read. [1]
• They shaped the needs of people and created a consumer culture. [1]
• They were also used by Indian manufacturers for nationalist messages. [1]

173. Ans.

• Labels carried the place of manufacture, the company name and the trademark; ‘Made in Manchester’ was a sign of quality. [1]
• The pictures of Indian gods and goddesses such as Krishna and Saraswati were printed on them. [1]
• The images gave the goods a divine approval and made them familiar and acceptable. [1]
• Pictures of beautiful women and landscapes were also used. [1]
• The labels helped the buyers to identify the cloth and trust the quality. [1]

174. Ans.

• Calendars were printed with images of gods, emperors and nawabs, and with the name of the product. [1]
• Even people who could not read could understand the pictures. [1]
• They were hung in tea shops, offices and in poor people’s homes. [1]
• They remained before people’s eyes throughout the year. [1]
• Thus the product publicity continued the whole year. [1]

175. Ans.

• Indian manufacturers used advertisements to give the message that buying Indian goods supported the nation. [1]
• They carried the slogan: ‘if you care for the nation, buy products that Indians produce’. [1]
• Pictures of national leaders and nationalist symbols appeared. [1]
• They linked consumption with swadeshi and the boycott movement. [1]
• This helped in building a sense of national identity and in popularising Indian goods. [1]

176. Ans.

• Nationalists called on people to boycott British cloth and use Indian-made goods. [1]
• Demand for Indian cloth rose, and mills in Bombay and Ahmedabad prospered. [1]
• Indian industrialists supported the nationalist movement financially. [1]
• Handloom weavers benefited from the boycott of foreign cloth. [1]
• It helped create a market for domestic industry. [1]

177. Ans.

• The colonial government favoured British imports; low tariffs let cheap British goods flood the market. [1]
• Indian cotton weavers and artisans lost their markets. [1]
• India became an exporter of raw materials, such as raw cotton and indigo. [1]
• Indian industries grew slowly and were dominated by European agencies. [1]
• Industrial growth in India was thus uneven and stunted. [1]

178. Ans.

• In Britain, industrialisation began with cotton factories and steam power; in India, mills began only in the 1850s. [1]
• Britain’s industries grew with colonial raw materials and markets, whereas India’s traditional industries declined. [1]
• Britain had abundant capital, technology and state support; India’s entrepreneurs faced competition and limited protection. [1]
• Both countries had abundant cheap labour that slowed the use of machines. [1]
• In both, handicrafts survived alongside factory industries. [1]

179. Ans.

• The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was set up in 1912 at Jamshedpur. [1]
• Iron and steel were needed for railways, machines and construction. [1]
• It was a major Indian-owned heavy industry. [1]
• It showed that Indians could set up heavy industry. [1]
• It helped industrial growth and employment. [1]

180. Ans.

• The Company had a monopoly and eliminated competition. [1]
• Weavers were forced to sell cloth only to the Company at low prices. [1]
• They were given advances and bound to the Company. [1]
• Gomasthas supervised them and punished them harshly. [1]
• Many weavers deserted and moved to other villages. [1]

181. Ans.

• As European companies gained control, Surat and Hooghly declined. [1]
• Bombay and Calcutta grew as colonial ports. [1]
• Indian merchants lost their independent trade and credit. [1]
• Export merchants went bankrupt or became agents. [1]
• Trade was geared to the needs of the Company and Britain. [1]

182. Ans.

• Cotton piece goods from Britain flowed into India in increasing quantities. [1]
• By 1850 they accounted for over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports; by the 1870s over 50 per cent. [1]
• Indian cotton goods exports fell from 33 per cent of India’s exports in 1811–12 to 3 per cent by 1850–51. [1]
• India exported raw cotton to Britain. [1]
• The trade pattern turned India into a supplier of raw materials. [1]

183. Ans.

• Industrialists began to organise themselves to protect their interests. [1]
• They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and FICCI in 1927. [1]
• They demanded tariff protection and a favourable exchange rate. [1]
• They supported the Congress and the Swadeshi movement. [1]
• They realised that colonial rule restricted the growth of Indian industry. [1]

184. Ans.

• Advertisements influenced the tastes and habits of consumers. [1]
• Labels and posters displayed products with attractive pictures. [1]
• Calendars and newspapers carried the advertisements for common people. [1]
• They promoted both foreign and Indian goods. [1]
• Consumers were taught to see cloth, soap, etc., as signs of progress or national pride. [1]

185. Ans.

• Weavers in some regions made fine cloth that could not be copied by mills, so they survived longer. [1]
• Weavers in other regions faced collapse as mill cloth replaced coarse cloth. [1]
• Fly shuttles spread widely in regions like Madras, Mysore and Bengal. [1]
• Raw cotton shortage affected all weavers. [1]
• Many weavers shifted to other occupations or migrated. [1]

186. Ans.

• Peasants and artisans moved from rural to urban industrial centres. [1]
• Workers worked in factories under supervision and discipline. [1]
• Seasonal work and low wages characterised many jobs. [1]
• Women and children were also employed. [1]
• Workers organised protests, as seen in the attacks on machines. [1]

187. Ans.

• Cheap labour reduced the need for expensive machines. [1]
• Industrialists could hire workers whenever demand rose. [1]
• Machines were adopted slowly, and only where profitable. [1]
• Workers had low bargaining power and wages stayed low. [1]
• This explains why industrial change was gradual rather than sudden. [1]

188. Ans.

• In the factory, work was carried out under one roof and supervised. [1]
• In the putting-out system, work was done in households. [1]
• Factories used machines and steam power; the earlier system used hand tools. [1]
• Quality control and work discipline were easier in factories. [1]
• Factories produced goods in larger quantities at lower cost. [1]

189. Ans.

• Indian business groups invested in textiles, jute and steel. [1]
• They gained capital from trade, particularly with China. [1]
• They supported nationalism and Swadeshi. [1]
• They faced competition from European Managing Agencies. [1]
• They organised themselves into bodies like FICCI to represent their interests. [1]

190. Ans.

• Cotton mills in Bombay and Ahmedabad grew with the home market and the Swadeshi movement. [1]
• Jute mills in Bengal exported goods such as gunny bags. [1]
• The First World War boosted demand for these goods. [1]
• The number of factory workers increased. [1]
• European and Indian capital both played a role. [1]

191. Ans.

• Some artisans benefited by working for merchants and earning extra income in the proto-industrial phase. [1]
• Hand spinners in Britain lost jobs with the spinning jenny. [1]
• Indian weavers suffered as imported cloth and mill cloth replaced their products. [1]
• Some weavers survived by adopting new technology like the fly shuttle and focusing on special varieties. [1]
• Many artisans became factory workers or migrated. [1]

192. Ans.

• Railways created demand for iron, steel and coal. [1]
• They moved raw materials and finished goods quickly and cheaply. [1]
• In India, railways carried cotton to ports and imported goods to the interior. [1]
• Railways created employment and linked markets. [1]
• They made industrial growth possible but served colonial interests. [1]

193. Ans.

• In Britain, the state supported industry and trade through colonial control. [1]
• In India, the colonial state favoured British industry over Indian industry. [1]
• The government gave contracts and concessions to European firms. [1]
• Nationalists demanded protection for Indian industry. [1]
• Indian industrialists realised that state support was essential for their growth. [1]

194. Ans.

• Parsi businessmen of Bombay made fortunes in trade with China and Britain. [1]
• Dinshaw Petit and J.N. Tata invested in cotton mills and iron and steel. [1]
• Marwari businessmen like Seth Hukumchand set up jute mills and others entered industry. [1]
• They provided capital and entrepreneurial skill. [1]
• They became supporters of the Swadeshi and the nationalist movement. [1]

195. Ans.

• Advertising created a market for new goods. [1]
• Images of gods and goddesses made foreign goods acceptable to Indian buyers. [1]
• Nationalist advertisements encouraged the use of Indian goods. [1]
• Consumer culture spread through labels, calendars and newspapers. [1]
• It linked everyday objects with religious and national feelings. [1]

196. Ans.

• Ahmedabad’s first cotton mill was set up in 1861. [1]
• Kanpur’s Elgin Mill came up in the 1860s. [1]
• Workers were recruited from nearby villages. [1]
• The industries grew with the support of local businessmen. [1]
• They became important textile centres, and the Swadeshi movement helped their growth. [1]

197. Ans.

• Britain’s tariffs on Indian goods made exports difficult. [1]
• Imports of British goods into India were taxed lightly. [1]
• Cheap British goods flooded India and undermined local producers. [1]
• Indian industrialists demanded protection through tariffs. [1]
• Nationalists considered the policy as an instrument of exploitation. [1]

198. Ans.

• There were many job seekers, so employers could keep wages low. [1]
• Jobbers controlled recruitment and had the employers’ trust. [1]
• Workers needed the jobber’s help to get and keep jobs. [1]
• Jobbers demanded money and gifts and controlled workers’ lives. [1]
• Workers lacked unions and legal protection in the early period. [1]

199. Ans.

• In Britain, work shifted from home and farm to factories, and workers faced long hours and low wages. [1]
• In India, weavers and artisans lost traditional livelihoods. [1]
• New industries created employment for migrants. [1]
• Towns grew, with crowding and poor conditions. [1]
• In both, new classes of business and workers emerged, changing society. [1]

200. Ans.

• Proto-industrialisation: production for the market in the countryside, controlled by merchants. [1]
• The factory system: Arkwright’s cotton mill, the steam engine and railways in Britain. [1]
• Colonial India: decline of handicraft exports, the Company’s control of weavers, and the growth of mills after 1854. [1]
• The twentieth century: growth of Indian industry in the First World War, and the Swadeshi movement. [1]
• Advertising and the market: labels, calendars and nationalist messages in a growing consumer culture. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. Proto-industrialisation: production for a market before factories; merchants moved to the countryside because town guilds were powerful; putting-out system; stapler, carder, fuller.
2. Factory system: earliest factories in England in the 1730s; Arkwright’s cotton mill; spinning jenny; Newcomen (1712) and Watt’s steam engine; railways in the 1840s.
3. Britain: cheap labour, so industrialists were slow to use machines; not more than 20% of workers were in advanced industries; handmade goods symbolised class.
4. India before colonial rule: Surat, Masulipatam, Hooghly; after the 1750s Bombay and Calcutta grew; gomasthas controlled weavers.
5. Weavers: collapse of exports, Manchester imports, raw-cotton shortage in the 1860s (American Civil War), competition from Indian mills; handlooms survived with the fly shuttle.
6. Early mills: Bombay cotton mill 1854, Bengal jute mill 1855, Ahmedabad 1861, Madras 1874; TISCO 1912; entrepreneurs Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, J.N. Tata, Seth Hukumchand.
7. European Managing Agencies: Bird Heilgers, Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner. Workers: jobbers; 584,000 workers in 1901 and 2,436,000 in 1946.
8. First World War: Manchester busy with war goods, Indian mills boomed; Manchester never regained its Indian market.
9. Advertising: labels (‘Made in Manchester’), images of gods, calendars; Indian advertisements carried nationalist messages.

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