CBSE Class 10 SST History Ch 5 Print Culture and the Modern World Question Bank with Solutions

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Class 10 SST · History · Chapter 5 · Question Bank + Solutions

CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 5 : PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

Chapter-wise Question Bank (CBSE Board + Competitive · Moderate to HOTS Level)

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Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Name : ..................

Questions : 275Total Marks : 625

General Instructions

1. This question bank is based on NCERT Class X India and the Contemporary World – I (History), Chapter 5 (Print Culture and the Modern World), and follows the CBSE board pattern with competitive (HOTS) questions mixed in.
2. Section A: Q.1 to Q.50 are MCQs of 1 mark each (50 marks). Section B: Q.51 to Q.100 are Assertion–Reason questions of 1 mark each (50 marks).
3. Section C: Q.101 to Q.150, Statement-based questions, 1 mark each (50 marks). Section D: Q.151 to Q.200, Short Answer, 3 marks each (150 marks), about 60–80 words. Section E: Q.201 to Q.250, Long Answer, 5 marks each (250 marks), about 120–150 words. Section F: Q.251 to Q.275, Value-based questions, 3 marks each (75 marks).
4. Complete solutions with marking points are given after the questions.

SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.1 – Q.50 Choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

1. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in –

(a) Germany(b) France(c) China, Japan and Korea(d) Italy

2. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by –

(a) rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks(b) metal type presses(c) steam presses(d) digital printing

3. Which was the major producer of printed material in China for a long time?

(a) Merchants(b) The imperial state(c) Peasants(d) Monasteries only

4. In China, the civil service examination system –

(a) abolished the use of books(b) banned printing(c) recruited only soldiers(d) recruited a huge bureaucracy through the exams for which textbooks were printed

5. By the seventeenth century in China, print was used by –

(a) merchants to collect trade information, and for leisure reading, fiction and poetry(b) only the king(c) only the army(d) only monks

6. Which city became the hub of the new print culture in China in the late nineteenth century?

(a) Beijing(b) Hong Kong(c) Canton(d) Shanghai

7. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around –

(a) AD 1268(b) AD 1668(c) AD 1968(d) AD 768–770

8. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the –

(a) Bhagavad Gita(b) Tripitaka Koreana(c) Ramayana(d) Buddhist Diamond Sutra

9. In Japan, the city of Edo (now Tokyo) was known for –

(a) gunpowder(b) only paper money(c) illustrated books and ukiyo (pictures of the floating world)(d) coal

10. Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo in 1753, was famous for –

(a) steam engines(b) paintings of temples only(c) making printing presses(d) ukiyo prints depicting artists, courtesans and everyday life

11. Who brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Italy in 1295?

(a) Marco Polo(b) Vasco da Gama(c) Gutenberg(d) Martin Luther

12. Luxury editions in Europe before print were handwritten on –

(a) vellum(b) paper made from rags(c) palm leaf(d) cotton cloth

13. Who developed the first printing press in Europe?

(a) Martin Luther(b) Johann Gutenberg(c) Marco Polo(d) Richard Hoe

14. Which existing technology did Gutenberg adapt as a model for the printing press?

(a) The spinning wheel(b) The steam engine(c) The olive press(d) The watermill

15. The first book printed by Gutenberg was the –

(a) Quran(b) Bible(c) Vedas(d) Tripitaka

16. Printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe between –

(a) 1250 and 1350(b) 1650 and 1750(c) 1850 and 1950(d) 1450 and 1550

17. In the second half of the fifteenth century, about ______ copies of printed books flooded the markets in Europe.

(a) 2 million(b) 200 million(c) 20 million(d) 2 billion

18. What was the effect of the shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in Europe?

(a) Books became rare(b) Books became costlier(c) Books could be produced faster and cheaper in great numbers(d) Reading was banned

19. Who wrote the ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ criticising the practices of the Roman Catholic Church?

(a) Martin Luther(b) Gutenberg(c) Menocchio(d) Voltaire

20. Martin Luther described print as –

(a) ‘the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one’(b) a threat to religion(c) a tool of the devil(d) a luxury item

21. Menocchio was –

(a) a Pope(b) a miller in Italy who read books and reinterpreted the Bible in his own way(c) a printer in Germany(d) a Chinese emperor

22. The Roman Catholic Church began maintaining an Index of Prohibited Books from –

(a) 1458(b) 1658(c) 1758(d) 1558

23. Which of the following Enlightenment thinkers’ ideas were popularised by print?

(a) Voltaire and Rousseau(b) Marx and Lenin(c) Gandhi and Nehru(d) Napoleon and Bismarck

24. Who said, ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away’?

(a) Martin Luther(b) Louis-Sebastien Mercier(c) Voltaire(d) Rousseau

25. Small, pocket-size books sold by petty pedlars in England were called –

(a) almanacs(b) manuscripts(c) folios(d) chapbooks (penny chapbooks)

26. The French low-priced books printed on poor-quality paper with cheap blue covers were known as –

(a) Penny Magazine(b) Index Librorum(c) Gutenberg Bible(d) Bibliothèque Bleue

27. A ‘compositor’ is a person who –

(a) composes the text for printing(b) sells books(c) makes paper(d) translates the Bible

28. Penny magazines were especially meant for –

(a) women, and children’s reading too(b) soldiers(c) kings(d) scribes

29. Which German brothers collected traditional folk tales from peasants?

(a) The Wright Brothers(b) The Grimm Brothers(c) The Lumière Brothers(d) The Brontë sisters

30. The power-driven cylindrical press was perfected by –

(a) Richard M. Hoe of New York(b) Gutenberg(c) Marco Polo(d) Mercier

31. Which of the following women novelists wrote in nineteenth-century England?

(a) Rashsundari Debi and Tarabai(b) Begum Rokeya(c) Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters(d) Kailashbashini Devi

32. The first printing press came to India with –

(a) British in Calcutta in 1900(b) Dutch in Madras in 1980(c) French in 1500(d) Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century (Goa)

33. The first Tamil book was printed by Catholic priests at –

(a) Goa in 1450(b) Cochin in 1579(c) Calcutta in 1780(d) Bombay in 1870

34. Who began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine, from 1780?

(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy(b) James Augustus Hickey(c) Warren Hastings(d) Gangadhar Bhattacharya

35. Governor-General Warren Hastings reacted to Hickey’s gossip about the Company’s officials by –

(a) awarding him(b) closing the Company(c) persecuting Hickey and encouraging officially sanctioned newspapers(d) funding Hickey

36. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi in –

(a) 1821(b) 1721(c) 1921(d) 1857

37. The Deoband seminary, founded in 1867, published –

(a) Western novels(b) thousands of fatwas telling Muslims how to conduct themselves(c) railway time-tables(d) English dictionaries

38. From the 1810s, which text, a sixteenth-century work, was printed in Calcutta?

(a) Mahabharata only(b) Quran(c) Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas(d) Panchatantra

39. Who wrote the book Gulamgiri (1871) on the injustices of the caste system?

(a) B.R. Ambedkar(b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy(c) Tilak(d) Jyotiba Phule

40. Who wrote Amar Jiban, the first full-length autobiography in Bengali, in 1876?

(a) Tarabai Shinde(b) Pandita Ramabai(c) Rashsundari Debi(d) Kailashbashini Devi

41. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about –

(a) rulers of India(b) the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, particularly widows(c) Chinese printing(d) railways

42. In 1938, which Kanpur mill worker wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal to show the links between caste and class exploitation?

(a) Phule(b) Periyar(c) Kashibaba(d) Tilak

43. Which colonial governor-general revised the press laws in 1835?

(a) Warren Hastings(b) Lord Curzon(c) William Bentinck (with Macaulay’s help)(d) Lord Dalhousie

44. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in –

(a) 1778(b) 1858(c) 1878(d) 1908

45. Under the Vernacular Press Act, if a newspaper ignored a warning, –

(a) the press could be seized and printing machinery confiscated(b) it received an award(c) it was given more advertisements(d) its editor was made a minister

46. Which leader’s writings in his Kesari on the deportation of Punjab revolutionaries in 1907 led to his imprisonment in 1908?

(a) Gandhi(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak(c) Nehru(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

47. What was the main reason that the Vernacular Press Act was passed?

(a) The government wanted to promote them(b) Vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist after 1857(c) To help missionary printing(d) To support the Hickey’s Gazette

48. The Tripitaka Koreana, printed from about 80,000 woodblocks, is a collection of –

(a) Confucian poems from China(b) Japanese novels(c) Christian hymns from Europe(d) Buddhist scriptures from Korea

49. In printing, a ‘galley’ is –

(a) a metal frame in which types are laid and the text is composed(b) a type of paper(c) a printing ink(d) a bookshop

50. A new reading public emerged in Europe after the printing press because –

(a) books were available only to monks(b) books became cheaper and more people could buy and read them(c) reading was made compulsory by kings(d) all books were free

SECTION – B (Assertion (A) – Reason (R) · 1 Mark each)

Q.51 – Q.100 Choose: (a) Both A and R true, R explains A; (b) Both true, R does not explain A; (c) A true, R false; (d) A false, R true.50 × 1 = 50

51. Assertion (A): Woodblock printing in China was used on a large scale by the state.
Reason (R): The huge bureaucracy recruited through civil service examinations needed textbooks in large numbers.

52. Assertion (A): Printed material in China diversified by the seventeenth century.
Reason (R): Urban culture and trade expanded, and merchants used print for trade information and leisure reading.

53. Assertion (A): Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture in China.
Reason (R): Western-style schools were set up and demanded mechanically printed textbooks.

54. Assertion (A): Print technology in Japan produced books on a wide variety of subjects in the Edo period.
Reason (R): Urban Edo culture created a demand for illustrated books and prints.

55. Assertion (A): Marco Polo’s return to Italy in 1295 brought woodblock printing knowledge to Europe.
Reason (R): He had spent many years exploring China, where woodblock printing was common.

56. Assertion (A): Books in Europe before print were expensive and rare.
Reason (R): They were handwritten by scribes and took a long time to produce.

57. Assertion (A): Gutenberg developed the printing press using existing technology.
Reason (R): He used the olive press as a model, and moulds for jewellery to cast metal types.

58. Assertion (A): Print created a new reading public in Europe.
Reason (R): Books became cheaper as presses produced them in large numbers.

59. Assertion (A): Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Church spread rapidly across Europe.
Reason (R): Print allowed his Ninety-Five Theses and translations of the New Testament to circulate widely.

60. Assertion (A): The Roman Catholic Church began to control the press in the sixteenth century.
Reason (R): It feared that print could spread heretical ideas, as in Menocchio’s case.

61. Assertion (A): Print helped the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Reason (R): Books and journals of thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau were widely read.

62. Assertion (A): In the eighteenth century, print helped create a new culture of dialogue and debate in France.
Reason (R): People could now read different views and question accepted beliefs.

63. Assertion (A): Women became an important reading public in the nineteenth century.
Reason (R): The expansion of literacy and the circulation of penny magazines and novels attracted them.

64. Assertion (A): The publication of children’s books grew in the nineteenth century.
Reason (R): Primary education became compulsory in many countries, creating a market for books for children.

65. Assertion (A): Hickey’s Bengal Gazette annoyed the Company officials.
Reason (R): It published gossip about senior officials of the Company.

66. Assertion (A): Print became a way of debating religion in colonial India.
Reason (R): Reformers and orthodox groups published their views in books, newspapers and tracts.

67. Assertion (A): The colonial government passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878.
Reason (R): Vernacular newspapers had become assertively nationalist and critical of colonial rule.

68. Assertion (A): Tilak’s imprisonment in 1908 provoked widespread protests.
Reason (R): He had written in Kesari with sympathy about the deported revolutionaries.

69. Assertion (A): Gutenberg printed the Bible in 1448–1455.
Reason (R): The Bible was printed in Latin.

70. Assertion (A): Johann Gutenberg lived in Strasbourg.
Reason (R): He was a master goldsmith.

71. Assertion (A): Ukiyo prints were produced in Edo.
Reason (R): Kitagawa Utamaro was born in Edo in 1753.

72. Assertion (A): Printing presses were set up in most European countries between 1450 and 1550.
Reason (R): German printers travelled to other countries seeking work.

73. Assertion (A): Penny chapbooks were sold by chapmen.
Reason (R): Almanacs and ballads were also popular reading material.

74. Assertion (A): The first Tamil book was printed at Cochin in 1579.
Reason (R): The first Malayalam book was printed in 1713.

75. Assertion (A): Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821.
Reason (R): The Deoband seminary was founded in 1867.

76. Assertion (A): Printing of the Ramcharitmanas began in Calcutta in the 1810s.
Reason (R): The Naval Kishore Press, Lucknow, published religious texts in the 1880s.

77. Assertion (A): Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri in 1871.
Reason (R): Periyar and Ambedkar also wrote on caste.

78. Assertion (A): Rashsundari Debi wrote Amar Jiban in 1876.
Reason (R): Kailashbashini Devi wrote books on women’s experiences.

79. Assertion (A): The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.
Reason (R): It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws.

80. Assertion (A): Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses criticised practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Reason (R): They were posted on the door of a church in Paris.

81. Assertion (A): Print made books cheaper in Europe.
Reason (R): Hand-written manuscripts were produced faster than printed books.

82. Assertion (A): The Roman Catholic Church maintained an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
Reason (R): The Index was started to encourage the sale of heretical books.

83. Assertion (A): Louis-Sebastien Mercier believed in the power of the press.
Reason (R): He said that the printing press would strengthen despotism.

84. Assertion (A): Penny magazines were popular in the nineteenth century.
Reason (R): They were meant mainly for the clergy.

85. Assertion (A): The first printing press in India was brought by Portuguese missionaries.
Reason (R): It was set up first at Calcutta.

86. Assertion (A): The Bengal Gazette was edited by Hickey.
Reason (R): It was a government-sponsored paper praising the Company.

87. Assertion (A): The Grimm Brothers compiled traditional folk tales in Germany.
Reason (R): They collected the tales mainly from kings and nobles.

88. Assertion (A): Print popularised religious texts in India.
Reason (R): The Ramcharitmanas was first printed in Bombay in 1910.

89. Assertion (A): Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography in Bengali.
Reason (R): She had formal schooling in a girls’ school.

90. Assertion (A): The Vernacular Press Act censored newspapers.
Reason (R): It was modelled on the American press laws.

91. Assertion (A): Woodblock books were printed on both sides in China.
Reason (R): The paper was thin and porous.

92. Assertion (A): The oldest Japanese book is the Bible printed in AD 868.
Reason (R): Buddhist missionaries brought printing to Japan.

93. Assertion (A): Print technology came to Europe from Japan.
Reason (R): Marco Polo brought woodblock knowledge from China in 1295.

94. Assertion (A): Handwritten manuscripts were cheap in Europe before print.
Reason (R): They were expensive and produced slowly by scribes.

95. Assertion (A): Gutenberg printed his first books on steam presses.
Reason (R): He developed the first printing system by 1448 using metal types.

96. Assertion (A): Martin Luther opposed the use of print.
Reason (R): He called print ‘the ultimate gift of God’.

97. Assertion (A): The Church welcomed the free spread of print.
Reason (R): It began an Index of Prohibited Books in 1558.

98. Assertion (A): Children’s books were rare in the nineteenth century.
Reason (R): A separate children’s press was set up in France in 1857.

99. Assertion (A): The Company encouraged Hickey’s newspaper.
Reason (R): Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey.

100. Assertion (A): The nationalist press supported the colonial government.
Reason (R): Vernacular newspapers reported colonial misrule and encouraged nationalism.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions · 1 Mark each)

Q.101 – Q.150 Read the two statements and choose the correct option.50 × 1 = 50

101. Statement I: Woodblock printing was first developed in China.
Statement II: In China, books were printed on both sides of the thin porous paper.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

102. Statement I: The Chinese imperial state was a major producer of printed material.
Statement II: Textbooks for the civil service examinations were printed in vast numbers.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

103. Statement I: By the seventeenth century, print in China was used only for textbooks.
Statement II: Merchants used print to collect trade information.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

104. Statement I: Beijing became the hub of the new print culture in the late nineteenth century.
Statement II: It catered to Western-style schools.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

105. Statement I: Buddhist missionaries brought print technology to Japan around AD 768–770.
Statement II: The Diamond Sutra, printed in AD 868, is the oldest Japanese book.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

106. Statement I: The oldest Japanese book was the Bible.
Statement II: It was printed in AD 868 with woodcut illustrations.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

107. Statement I: Kitagawa Utamaro was born in Edo in 1753.
Statement II: He was a famous artist of ukiyo prints.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

108. Statement I: Marco Polo brought woodblock printing to Italy in 1295.
Statement II: Handwritten manuscripts continued to be expensive in Europe at that time.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

109. Statement I: Vellum is made from the skin of animals.
Statement II: Luxury editions were printed on vellum by Gutenberg’s machine.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

110. Statement I: Gutenberg was a merchant’s son from Strasbourg.
Statement II: He used a steam engine as the model of his press.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

111. Statement I: Gutenberg’s first printed book was the Quran.
Statement II: He printed 180 copies in three years.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

112. Statement I: The Gutenberg Bible looked completely different from handwritten books.
Statement II: Its borders and decorations were painted by hand.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

113. Statement I: About 20 million copies of printed books were in the market in the second half of the fifteenth century.
Statement II: The number rose to about 200 million in the sixteenth century.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

114. Statement I: Printing presses spread across Europe between 1050 and 1150.
Statement II: German printers travelled to other countries to start presses.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

115. Statement I: Print made books costlier and limited to the elite.
Statement II: A new reading public emerged after print.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

116. Statement I: Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
Statement II: He opposed the use of print.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

117. Statement I: Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold only 50 copies in a year.
Statement II: A second edition took ten years to appear.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

118. Statement I: Menocchio was a Pope in sixteenth-century Italy.
Statement II: He was charged with heresy.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

119. Statement I: The Index of Prohibited Books was maintained by the Roman Catholic Church from 1558.
Statement II: It listed books the Church wanted to ban.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

120. Statement I: Mercier said that the printing press would strengthen despotism.
Statement II: He was an eighteenth-century French novelist.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

121. Statement I: Print suppressed the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau.
Statement II: Print created a culture of silence and no debate.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

122. Statement I: Chapbooks were small books sold by pedlars called chapmen.
Statement II: They cost a penny in England.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

123. Statement I: The Bibliothèque Bleue was a series of costly books for the aristocracy.
Statement II: The books were bound in blue covers.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

124. Statement I: Penny magazines were meant for kings and nobles.
Statement II: They were meant only for soldiers and sailors.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

125. Statement I: The Grimm Brothers collected folk tales from peasants.
Statement II: The Grimm Brothers were the founders of the printing press.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

126. Statement I: The cylindrical press was perfected by Richard M. Hoe.
Statement II: It could print 8,000 sheets per hour.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

127. Statement I: The first printing press in India came with the British at Calcutta.
Statement II: The first Tamil book was printed at Bombay in 1879.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

128. Statement I: The first printing press in India came to Calcutta in the 1780s.
Statement II: The first Malayalam book was printed in 1913.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

129. Statement I: James Augustus Hickey began the Bengal Gazette in 1780.
Statement II: It was a government-sponsored paper that praised the Company.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

130. Statement I: Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey.
Statement II: He encouraged officially sanctioned newspapers.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

131. Statement I: Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821.
Statement II: It was used to oppose social reform.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

132. Statement I: The Deoband seminary was founded in 1867.
Statement II: It published thousands of fatwas.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

133. Statement I: The Ramcharitmanas was first printed in Calcutta in 1810.
Statement II: The Naval Kishore Press was in Bombay.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

134. Statement I: Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri in 1871.
Statement II: It dealt with the injustices of the caste system.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

135. Statement I: Rashsundari Debi wrote Amar Jiban.
Statement II: It was the first full-length autobiography in Hindi.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

136. Statement I: Kashibaba was a Bombay mill owner who wrote Gulamgiri.
Statement II: The book was published in 1838.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

137. Statement I: Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women.
Statement II: Their writings had no effect on public debate.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

138. Statement I: Bentinck revised the press laws in 1835.
Statement II: Macaulay formulated new laws that restored press freedom.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

139. Statement I: The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1857.
Statement II: It was modelled on the American press laws.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

140. Statement I: The Vernacular Press Act was meant to promote vernacular newspapers.
Statement II: It gave the government the right to seize the press of a seditious newspaper.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

141. Statement I: Gandhi wrote about the deported Punjab revolutionaries in Kesari.
Statement II: He was imprisoned in 1858.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

142. Statement I: The Church welcomed print and encouraged free reading of the Bible.
Statement II: Menocchio was rewarded for his views.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

143. Statement I: Print reduced the number of readers in nineteenth-century Europe.
Statement II: Women were not allowed to write novels.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

144. Statement I: Print spread to India only in the twentieth century.
Statement II: The Company never tried to control the press.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

145. Statement I: Hand-printing technology developed first in Europe.
Statement II: It spread from Europe to China.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

146. Statement I: Manuscripts in India were expensive and fragile.
Statement II: They were easily accessible to the common people.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

147. Statement I: Cheap books were sold at crossroads in nineteenth-century Madras towns.
Statement II: Public libraries were set up in the early twentieth century.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

148. Statement I: Women could read freely in all Indian families in the nineteenth century.
Statement II: Rashsundari Debi learnt to read in secret.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

149. Statement I: Printing was introduced in Japan by missionaries from Europe.
Statement II: The earliest Japanese book was printed in AD 868.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

150. Statement I: Offset presses came after the cylindrical press.
Statement II: They were developed in the early eighteenth century.

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.(b) Only Statement I is correct.(c) Only Statement II is correct.(d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

151. Describe woodblock printing in China.(3)

152. What was the role of the imperial state of China in the development of print?(3)

153. How did print culture in China change by the seventeenth century?(3)

154. What was the role of Shanghai in the print culture of China?(3)

155. How was print introduced in Japan?(3)

156. What kinds of books were published in Japan in the Edo period?(3)

157. Who was Kitagawa Utamaro?(3)

158. How did woodblock printing reach Europe?(3)

159. How were books produced in Europe before the printing press?(3)

160. How did Gutenberg develop the printing press?(3)

161. What was the first book printed by Gutenberg? Why was it significant?(3)

162. Why did the Gutenberg Bible imitate the handwritten manuscript in appearance?(3)

163. Explain the effects of the printing press on the spread of books in Europe.(3)

164. What is meant by the ‘print revolution’?(3)

165. How did print create a new reading public?(3)

166. How did print help the Reformation?(3)

167. What was Menocchio’s case? What was its effect?(3)

168. How did print popularise the ideas of the Enlightenment?(3)

169. What were chapbooks and who sold them?(3)

170. What was the ‘Bibliothèque Bleue’?(3)

171. Why did nineteenth-century Europe see a rise in the readership of children, women and workers?(3)

172. How did print help women in the nineteenth century?(3)

173. What technological innovations occurred in the printing in the nineteenth century?(3)

174. What was the manuscript tradition in India?(3)

175. How did printing begin in India?(3)

176. Who was James Augustus Hickey? What was his contribution?(3)

177. What was the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the print culture of India?(3)

178. How did print help in religious debates in India?(3)

179. How were Hindu religious texts popularised through print?(3)

180. What was the role of print in the debate on caste in India?(3)

181. Describe the contribution of women writers in colonial India.(3)

182. How did conservatives view women’s reading in colonial India?(3)

183. What was the role of print in making available knowledge to the poor in India?(3)

184. What changes did the East India Company make to press laws before 1835?(3)

185. What changes did Governor-General Bentinck and Macaulay make in 1835?(3)

186. Why did the attitude of the colonial government to the press change after 1857?(3)

187. What was the Vernacular Press Act of 1878?(3)

188. How did the nationalist press react to the press laws?(3)

189. Why was Tilak imprisoned in 1908?(3)

190. How did print affect the thinking of ordinary people in the sixteenth century?(3)

191. What is the importance of the Tripitaka Koreana?(3)

192. Why did ‘vellum’ get replaced by paper in book production?(3)

193. How did the printing press change the nature of reading in Europe?(3)

194. What were the fears about print in the eighteenth century?(3)

195. What types of writing in French print culture attacked the monarchy?(3)

196. How did print spread nationalist ideas in India?(3)

197. What were the benefits of print for the Indian reformers?(3)

198. Who were the ulama and how did they use print?(3)

199. What is meant by ‘fatwa’?(3)

200. How did Catholic and Protestant missionaries contribute to printing in southern India?(3)

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

201. Describe the history of print in East Asia (China, Japan and Korea).(5)

202. Explain how print came to Europe and how Gutenberg developed the printing press.(5)

203. What was the print revolution? Describe its effects on European society.(5)

204. How did print contribute to the Reformation in Europe?(5)

205. Describe the Church’s reaction to print in the sixteenth century.(5)

206. ‘Print and the culture of dialogue and debate helped create the conditions for the French Revolution.’ Explain.(5)

207. How did print affect reading habits in Europe? Give five points.(5)

208. Describe the nineteenth-century developments in print culture in Europe.(5)

209. Explain the role of women in the print culture of nineteenth-century Europe.(5)

210. Describe the technological changes in printing in the nineteenth century.(5)

211. Describe the manuscript tradition of India before print.(5)

212. Describe the early history of printing in India.(5)

213. Describe the role of James Augustus Hickey and the early English press in India.(5)

214. How did print promote social and religious reform in nineteenth-century India?(5)

215. Explain how print popularised religious texts in India.(5)

216. Describe the role of print in the emergence of new literary forms in India.(5)

217. How did print help Indian women? Explain with examples.(5)

218. Why did some conservative families oppose women’s reading in India?(5)

219. Describe the role of print in the caste debates in India.(5)

220. How did print reach the poor and workers in India?(5)

221. What were the effects of print on the Indian nationalist movement?(5)

222. Trace the changes in the colonial government’s attitude towards press freedom.(5)

223. Describe the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Why was it passed?(5)

224. How did nationalist newspapers respond to colonial censorship?(5)

225. Compare the history of print in Europe and in India.(5)

226. ‘Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment.’ Explain with examples.(5)

227. What was the effect of print on the oral culture of Europe?(5)

228. How did the printing of the Bible and other religious books change society in Europe?(5)

229. What was the significance of Marco Polo’s travels for the history of print?(5)

230. Why were hand-printed books limited in their reach in Europe?(5)

231. Discuss the importance of illustrations and popular print forms in the spread of reading.(5)

232. How did print change the lives of workers in nineteenth-century Europe?(5)

233. Explain how children’s literature developed in the nineteenth century.(5)

234. Explain the contribution of the Grimm Brothers to print culture.(5)

235. Why was print considered both a blessing and a threat by authorities and religious institutions?(5)

236. What was the role of Gangadhar Bhattacharya and early Indian newspapers?(5)

237. Describe the importance of the Deoband seminary in the print culture of India.(5)

238. How did print help the colonial state and the nationalists differently?(5)

239. Describe the changes in book production brought by print in Europe between 1450 and 1550.(5)

240. What are the ways in which the history of print shows connections between different parts of the world?(5)

241. Explain why print culture is considered important to modern society.(5)

242. What problems did printers face in developing print in India?(5)

243. Describe the role of the press in the social reform movements of the nineteenth century in India.(5)

244. Discuss the relationship between literacy, print and politics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.(5)

245. Why is the printing press called the ‘engine of progress’ by Mercier? Evaluate this claim.(5)

246. Describe the development of print culture in Japan up to the Edo period.(5)

247. Explain how print enabled dissent and the questioning of authority in Europe.(5)

248. How did the printing press change the work of scribes, printers and booksellers in Europe?(5)

249. Describe the role of the vernacular press in the nationalist movement after 1857.(5)

250. Compare the role of print in the lives of women in Europe and in India.(5)

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

251. Rashsundari Debi learnt to read in secret in the kitchen of her husband’s house and wrote Amar Jiban. Which values does her life show? Why is girls’ education important today?(3)

252. Martin Luther said that print was ‘the ultimate gift of God’ and used it to share his ideas. How should we use modern media responsibly? State two values.(3)

253. Menocchio, a miller, read books and formed his own ideas, but was punished for heresy. What does this teach about freedom of thought and expression?(3)

254. The Roman Catholic Church maintained an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558. Is censorship justified? Discuss with values.(3)

255. The Vernacular Press Act (1878) was passed to control nationalist newspapers. What is the importance of a free press in a democracy?(3)

256. Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 for writing in Kesari in support of the revolutionaries. What values did he show, and what can journalists learn from him?(3)

257. Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri on the injustices of the caste system. What is the role of writers in changing society? Which values are reflected?(3)

258. Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker, wrote about caste and class exploitation. Why is it important that workers and marginalised people have a voice in print?(3)

259. Women like Kailashbashini Devi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about women’s conditions. How can writing help women’s empowerment today?(3)

260. Conservative families opposed women’s reading, fearing that it would corrupt them. Do you agree? Justify with values.(3)

261. Cheap books were sold at crossroads and public libraries were set up. How do libraries help a society? State two values.(3)

262. The Gutenberg press made books cheaper and available to many. Why is easy access to information important? What responsibility comes with it?(3)

263. Newspapers in colonial India reported on colonial misrule despite government censorship. What do they teach about courage and public duty?(3)

264. Print was used to publish religious texts such as the Ramcharitmanas, and the ulama issued fatwas through print. How can religious texts be shared in a way that promotes harmony?(3)

265. Hickey’s Bengal Gazette described itself as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none’. What does this show about the independence of the press?(3)

266. Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey and encouraged officially approved newspapers. Why is state control of the media harmful?(3)

267. Raja Ram Mohan Roy used the Sambad Kaumudi to promote reform and debate social issues. How can the media encourage social reform today?(3)

268. Chapbooks and cheap ballads in Europe were read by the poor as well. Why is it important that knowledge reaches all sections of society?(3)

269. The Grimm Brothers collected folk tales from peasants and preserved them in print. Why is it important to preserve folk culture?(3)

270. In China, hand printing was supported by the state for civil service examinations. What does this show about the link between education and good governance?(3)

271. Print also made it possible to spread rumours and propaganda. What steps should a responsible reader take?(3)

272. Illustrated books and ukiyo prints in Japan depicted everyday life. How does art and print preserve a society’s history?(3)

273. Children’s books and school texts spread in nineteenth-century Europe as primary education became compulsory. Why should every child have the right to education?(3)

274. Workers in nineteenth-century Europe used their shorter working hours to read and write. What does this show about self-improvement?(3)

275. Print helped the spread of nationalist ideas in India, but also made it possible for the colonial government to try to suppress them. What responsibilities do citizens and governments have in the use of media?(3)

********

CBSE · NCERT

SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) – CHAPTER 5 : COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Print Culture and the Modern World · Answer Key with Solutions

www.careerinformationportal.in

Class : XSubject : Social Science (History)Total Marks : 625

SECTION – A (MCQ Solutions)

Quick Answer Key – MCQ (Q.1 – Q.50)

1. (c)	2. (a)	3. (b)	4. (d)	5. (a)	6. (d)	7. (d)	8. (d)	9. (c)	10. (d)
11. (a)	12. (a)	13. (b)	14. (c)	15. (b)	16. (d)	17. (c)	18. (c)	19. (a)	20. (a)
21. (b)	22. (d)	23. (a)	24. (b)	25. (d)	26. (d)	27. (a)	28. (a)	29. (b)	30. (a)
31. (c)	32. (d)	33. (b)	34. (b)	35. (c)	36. (a)	37. (b)	38. (c)	39. (d)	40. (c)
41. (b)	42. (c)	43. (c)	44. (c)	45. (a)	46. (b)	47. (b)	48. (d)	49. (a)	50. (b)

Quick Answer Key – Assertion–Reason (Q.51 – Q.100)

51. (a)	52. (a)	53. (a)	54. (a)	55. (a)	56. (a)	57. (a)	58. (a)	59. (a)	60. (a)
61. (a)	62. (a)	63. (a)	64. (a)	65. (a)	66. (a)	67. (a)	68. (a)	69. (b)	70. (b)
71. (b)	72. (b)	73. (b)	74. (b)	75. (b)	76. (b)	77. (b)	78. (b)	79. (b)	80. (c)
81. (c)	82. (c)	83. (c)	84. (c)	85. (c)	86. (c)	87. (c)	88. (c)	89. (c)	90. (c)
91. (d)	92. (d)	93. (d)	94. (d)	95. (d)	96. (d)	97. (d)	98. (d)	99. (d)	100. (d)

Solutions with Explanation

1. Ans. (c) China, Japan and Korea

The earliest print technology was the hand printing technology (woodblock printing) developed in China, Japan and Korea.

2. Ans. (a) rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks

Paper was thin and porous, so it was printed on one side; the sheets were folded and stitched.

3. Ans. (b) The imperial state

The imperial state produced textbooks in vast numbers for the civil service examinations.

4. Ans. (d) recruited a huge bureaucracy through the exams for which textbooks were printed

Large numbers of textbooks were printed under imperial sponsorship.

5. Ans. (a) merchants to collect trade information, and for leisure reading, fiction and poetry

Print was no longer used only for textbooks; leisure reading became popular among urban readers.

6. Ans. (d) Shanghai

Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools; hand printing gave way to mechanical printing.

7. Ans. (d) AD 768–770

They brought the technology into Japan around AD 768–770.

8. Ans. (d) Buddhist Diamond Sutra

It contains six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.

9. Ans. (c) illustrated books and ukiyo (pictures of the floating world)

Edo’s urban culture produced printed collections of paintings depicting famous places and the pleasure quarters.

10. Ans. (d) ukiyo prints depicting artists, courtesans and everyday life

He was a famous artist of ukiyo (‘pictures of the floating world’).

11. Ans. (a) Marco Polo

Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy in 1295 after many years of exploration in China.

12. Ans. (a) vellum

Vellum, a parchment made from the skin of animals, was used for expensive handwritten books.

13. Ans. (b) Johann Gutenberg

Gutenberg, a merchant’s son from Strasbourg, Germany, developed the system by 1448.

14. Ans. (c) The olive press

He used the olive press as a model; the moulds used for jewellery were used for casting metal types.

15. Ans. (b) Bible

He printed 180 copies in three years, which was fast by the standards of the time.

16. Ans. (d) 1450 and 1550

Printers from Germany travelled to other countries and helped start new presses.

17. Ans. (c) 20 million

The number went up to about 200 million copies in the sixteenth century.

18. Ans. (c) Books could be produced faster and cheaper in great numbers

The ‘print revolution’ transformed the lives of people and changed their relationship to information and knowledge.

19. Ans. (a) Martin Luther

In 1517 Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses; a printed copy was posted on the door of a church in Wittenberg.

20. Ans. (a) ‘the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one’

Luther said print was God’s gift; his translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks.

21. Ans. (b) a miller in Italy who read books and reinterpreted the Bible in his own way

He was charged with heresy and the Church began imposing control on publishers and booksellers.

22. Ans. (d) 1558

From 1558 the Church began keeping a list of banned books after Menocchio’s case.

23. Ans. (a) Voltaire and Rousseau

Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers and created a new culture of dialogue.

24. Ans. (b) Louis-Sebastien Mercier

Mercier, a novelist of eighteenth-century France, believed print would spread progress and end despotism.

25. Ans. (d) chapbooks (penny chapbooks)

Pedlars known as chapmen sold them for a penny.

26. Ans. (d) Bibliothèque Bleue

These were small, cheap books bound in blue covers.

27. Ans. (a) composes the text for printing

The compositor arranged the metal types in the galley.

28. Ans. (a) women, and children’s reading too

They were produced in the nineteenth century, along with manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping.

29. Ans. (b) The Grimm Brothers

The Grimm Brothers compiled traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.

30. Ans. (a) Richard M. Hoe of New York

In the mid-nineteenth century it could print 8,000 sheets per hour.

31. Ans. (c) Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters

Women became important as both readers and writers; novelists included Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters and George Eliot.

32. Ans. (d) Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century (Goa)

Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.

33. Ans. (b) Cochin in 1579

The first Malayalam book was printed in 1713 by Catholic priests.

34. Ans. (b) James Augustus Hickey

Hickey described it as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none’.

35. Ans. (c) persecuting Hickey and encouraging officially sanctioned newspapers

He encouraged the publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule.

36. Ans. (a) 1821

It was published to promote reform and to debate religious matters, which angered the orthodox.

37. Ans. (b) thousands of fatwas telling Muslims how to conduct themselves

The ulama used print to spread religious teachings.

38. Ans. (c) Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas

In the 1880s, Naval Kishore Press (Lucknow) and Shri Venkateshwar Press (Bombay) published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.

39. Ans. (d) Jyotiba Phule

Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system.

40. Ans. (c) Rashsundari Debi

She learnt to read secretly in the kitchen of her husband’s house.

41. Ans. (b) the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, particularly widows

Women’s writing and journals highlighted women’s conditions.

42. Ans. (c) Kashibaba

Kashibaba also wrote on workers’ lives; it was published to show the connection between caste and class.

43. Ans. (c) William Bentinck (with Macaulay’s help)

Bentinck agreed to revise the press laws; Thomas Macaulay formulated new laws restoring the earlier freedoms.

44. Ans. (c) 1878

It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws and gave the government extensive rights to censor reports and editorials.

45. Ans. (a) the press could be seized and printing machinery confiscated

The government kept a regular track of the vernacular newspapers.

46. Ans. (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

His arrest provoked widespread protests all over India.

47. Ans. (b) Vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist after 1857

After the revolt of 1857, attitudes to the press changed; the government wanted to control criticism.

48. Ans. (d) Buddhist scriptures from Korea

It is a Korean collection of Buddhist scriptures, one of the great achievements of woodblock printing; it is now a world heritage item.

49. Ans. (a) a metal frame in which types are laid and the text is composed

The compositor arranged the metal types in the galley to prepare the text for printing.

50. Ans. (b) books became cheaper and more people could buy and read them

Earlier, books were costly and only the elite could read; print widened access, and books were also read aloud to those who could not read.

SECTION – B (Assertion – Reason)

51. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

52. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

53. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

54. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

55. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

56. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

57. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

58. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

59. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

60. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

61. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

62. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

63. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

64. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

65. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

66. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

67. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

68. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R explains A.

69. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the language does not explain the date or the choice.

70. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; separate facts.

71. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

72. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; the travelling printers did help spread the presses, but R does not fully explain the wide growth in demand.

73. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is a separate fact.

74. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

75. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; unrelated facts.

76. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is another example of religious printing, not an explanation.

77. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R is another fact, not an explanation.

78. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R does not explain A.

79. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Both true; R describes the model and does not explain why it was passed.

80. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: the printed copy was posted on a church door in Wittenberg.

81. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: print was much faster than copying by hand.

82. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was to ban such books.

83. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: he said it would sweep despotism away.

84. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: they were meant for women and the general reading public.

85. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was set up at Goa.

86. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was a private enterprise that criticised Company officials.

87. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: the tales were gathered from peasants.

88. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was printed in Calcutta from 1810.

89. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: she learnt to read in secret in her husband’s kitchen.

90. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.

A is true. R is false: it was modelled on the Irish Press Laws.

91. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they were printed on one side only. R is true.

92. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it is the Diamond Sutra. R is true.

93. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: it came from China. R is true.

94. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: they were expensive. R is true.

95. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: steam presses came much later. R is true.

96. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: he supported print. R is true.

97. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: the Church tried to control print. R is true.

98. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: children’s publishing grew. R is true.

99. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: Hastings persecuted him. R is true.

100. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.

A is false: the nationalist press opposed colonial rule. R is true.

SECTION – C (Statement-Based Questions)

Quick Answer Key – Statement-Based (Q.101 – Q.150)

101. (b)	102. (a)	103. (c)	104. (c)	105. (a)	106. (d)	107. (a)	108. (a)	109. (b)	110. (b)
111. (c)	112. (c)	113. (a)	114. (c)	115. (c)	116. (b)	117. (d)	118. (c)	119. (a)	120. (c)
121. (d)	122. (a)	123. (c)	124. (d)	125. (b)	126. (a)	127. (d)	128. (d)	129. (b)	130. (a)
131. (b)	132. (a)	133. (b)	134. (a)	135. (b)	136. (d)	137. (b)	138. (a)	139. (d)	140. (c)
141. (d)	142. (d)	143. (d)	144. (d)	145. (d)	146. (b)	147. (a)	148. (c)	149. (c)	150. (b)

101. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: the paper was thin and porous, so it was printed on one side only.

102. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

103. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: fiction, poetry and other leisure reading were also printed. II is correct.

104. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: it was Shanghai. II is correct.

105. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

106. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: the oldest Japanese book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, and the Bible is not Japanese.

107. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

108. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

109. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: luxury editions were handwritten on vellum.

110. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: he used the olive press as a model.

111. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: it was the Bible. II is correct.

112. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: it imitated the handwritten look. II is correct.

113. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

114. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: it was between 1450 and 1550. II is correct.

115. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: books became cheaper. II is correct.

116. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: he called print ‘the ultimate gift of God’.

117. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: it sold 5,000 copies in a few weeks and a second edition appeared in three months.

118. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: he was a miller. II is correct.

119. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

120. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: he said it would sweep despotism away. II is correct.

121. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: print popularised their ideas and created a culture of dialogue and debate.

122. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

123. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: they were low-priced books for the poor. II is correct.

124. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: they were meant especially for women and general readers.

125. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: the press was developed by Gutenberg.

126. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

127. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: the press came with Portuguese missionaries to Goa, and the first Tamil book was printed at Cochin in 1579.

128. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: the press first came to Goa in the sixteenth century, and the first Malayalam book was printed in 1713.

129. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: it was a private paper that criticised Company officials.

130. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

131. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: it was used to promote reform.

132. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

133. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: Naval Kishore Press was in Lucknow.

134. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

135. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: it was the first full-length autobiography in Bengali.

136. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: Kashibaba was a Kanpur mill worker who wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal (1938).

137. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: they spread awareness about women’s conditions.

138. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

139. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: it was passed in 1878 and modelled on the Irish Press Laws.

140. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: it was meant to control them. II is correct.

141. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: it was Tilak’s Kesari, and he was imprisoned in 1908.

142. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: the Church tried to control print, and Menocchio was executed.

143. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: readership grew and women wrote novels.

144. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: print came in the sixteenth century, and the Company tried to control it.

145. Ans. (d) Neither Statement I nor Statement II is correct.

Both incorrect: it developed first in East Asia and spread westward.

146. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct. II is incorrect: they were not widely accessible.

147. Ans. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Both correct.

148. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: many families opposed women’s reading. II is correct.

149. Ans. (c) Only Statement II is correct.

I is incorrect: missionaries from China introduced it. II is correct.

150. Ans. (b) Only Statement I is correct.

I is correct: the offset press came in the late nineteenth century, after the cylindrical press. II is incorrect: it was not developed in the early eighteenth century.

SECTION – D (Short Answer · 3 Marks each)

151. Ans.

• Hand printing was first developed in China, where from AD 594 books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. [1]
• The paper was thin and porous, so it was printed on one side only. [1]
• The sheets were folded and stitched together, the traditional ‘accordion book’. [1]

152. Ans.

• The imperial state was the major producer of printed material for a long time. [1]
• A huge bureaucracy was recruited through the civil service examinations, for which textbooks were printed. [1]
• The state sponsored the printing of textbooks in vast numbers. [1]

153. Ans.

• Print was no longer used only by scholar-officials; merchants used it for trade information. [1]
• Reading became a leisure activity: fiction, poetry, autobiographies and literary anthologies were printed. [1]
• Rich women began to read, and some even published their poetry and plays. [1]

154. Ans.

• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture in the late nineteenth century. [1]
• It catered to Western-style schools that had replaced the old Chinese education system. [1]
• Print shifted from hand printing to mechanical printing with imported presses. [1]

155. Ans.

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768–770. [1]
• The oldest Japanese book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, printed in AD 868, with six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. [1]
• Playing cards and paper money were also printed. [1]

156. Ans.

• Books on women, musical instruments, calculation, tea ceremony, flower arrangement, proper etiquette and famous places were published. [1]
• Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed material. [1]
• Edo’s urban culture produced illustrated collections of paintings (ukiyo). [1]

157. Ans.

• He was a famous Japanese artist born in Edo in 1753. [1]
• He was known for his ukiyo (pictures of the floating world), a genre of woodblock prints. [1]
• His prints depicted artists, courtesans and everyday life of the urban pleasure quarters. [1]

158. Ans.

• Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1295 after exploring China for many years. [1]
• He brought the knowledge of woodblock printing. [1]
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and the technology spread to other parts of Europe. [1]

159. Ans.

• Books were handwritten by scribes, which was expensive, laborious and time-consuming. [1]
• Luxury editions were handwritten on vellum, a parchment made from animal skin. [1]
• Manuscripts were fragile and difficult to handle, so they could not meet the growing demand. [1]

160. Ans.

• He was a merchant’s son from Strasbourg; he grew up on a large agricultural estate and saw wine and olive presses. [1]
• He learnt to polish stones, became a master goldsmith and acquired the expertise to make lead moulds. [1]
• Using the olive press as a model and moulds for casting metal types, he perfected the system by 1448. [1]

161. Ans.

• The first book Gutenberg printed was the Bible. [1]
• He printed 180 copies in three years, which was fast for those times. [1]
• The printed Bible imitated the look of handwritten manuscripts, and it showed the potential of mechanical printing. [1]

162. Ans.

• The new printed books looked like handwritten manuscripts to be acceptable. [1]
• Metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles. [1]
• Borders and decorations were painted by hand, so each copy looked unique. [1]

163. Ans.

• Between 1450 and 1550 printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe. [1]
• About 20 million copies of printed books flooded Europe in the second half of the fifteenth century; this rose to about 200 million in the sixteenth century. [1]
• Books became cheaper, and a new reading public emerged. [1]

164. Ans.

• The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing changed the way books were produced. [1]
• It transformed the lives of people and changed their relationship to information and knowledge. [1]
• It influenced institutions and authorities, and the way people thought. [1]

165. Ans.

• Books were cheaper and could be produced in great numbers, so more people could buy them. [1]
• Earlier, only the elite could read; ordinary people accessed knowledge by listening to stories read aloud. [1]
• Publishers printed popular ballads and folk tales with pictures to reach the common people. [1]

166. Ans.

• Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517) criticised the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. [1]
• Printed copies spread rapidly, and his translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies in a few weeks. [1]
• Luther said print was ‘the ultimate gift of God’; this led to a division in the Church and the Protestant Reformation. [1]

167. Ans.

• Menocchio was a miller in Italy in the sixteenth century who read books and reinterpreted the Bible. [1]
• He was charged with heresy by the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately executed. [1]
• As a result, the Church began to impose severe controls on publishers and booksellers and, from 1558, kept an Index of Prohibited Books. [1]

168. Ans.

• The writings of thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau were widely printed and read. [1]
• These writers attacked the tradition, superstition and despotism, and stressed reason. [1]
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate, in which old values were questioned. [1]

169. Ans.

• Chapbooks were small, pocket-sized books sold for a penny in England. [1]
• They were carried by pedlars known as chapmen. [1]
• They contained popular ballads, folk tales and almanacs, and made reading accessible to the poor. [1]

170. Ans.

• It was a series of low-priced small books printed in France. [1]
• The books were printed on poor-quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers. [1]
• They made reading material available to the poor. [1]

171. Ans.

• Primary education became compulsory in the late nineteenth century, so children formed a new readership. [1]
• Women became readers as well as writers; penny magazines and novels were meant for them. [1]
• Shorter working hours gave workers time to read; they also wrote for themselves. [1]

172. Ans.

• Women became important as readers and writers of novels, such as those by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters and George Eliot. [1]
• Penny magazines and manuals taught proper behaviour and housekeeping. [1]
• Lending libraries allowed women to read widely. [1]

173. Ans.

• Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press in the mid-nineteenth century. [1]
• It could print 8,000 sheets per hour and was used to print newspapers. [1]
• The offset press, and electrically operated presses, made printing faster in the late nineteenth century. [1]

174. Ans.

• India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and vernacular languages. [1]
• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper. [1]
• They were expensive and fragile, and could not be read or distributed widely. [1]

175. Ans.

• The Portuguese missionaries brought the first printing press to Goa in the mid-sixteenth century. [1]
• Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed tracts. [1]
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in Cochin in 1579 and the first Malayalam book in 1713. [1]

176. Ans.

• He began to edit the Bengal Gazette from 1780, a weekly magazine. [1]
• It was a private English enterprise, ‘open to all, but influenced by none’. [1]
• He published gossip about the Company’s officials, and Warren Hastings persecuted him. [1]

177. Ans.

• He published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 to promote reform. [1]
• Print enabled public debates on social and religious matters such as sati. [1]
• He used print to challenge orthodox views, and orthodox groups printed counter-views. [1]

178. Ans.

• Reformers and orthodox groups printed books and newspapers to debate texts and customs. [1]
• The Deoband seminary published thousands of fatwas telling Muslims how to live. [1]
• Printed religious books such as the Ramcharitmanas reached the common people. [1]

179. Ans.

• The Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was printed in Calcutta from 1810. [1]
• Naval Kishore Press, Lucknow, and Shri Venkateshwar Press, Bombay, published numerous religious texts in vernaculars from the 1880s. [1]
• Printed texts could be read by common people, and could circulate in different regions. [1]

180. Ans.

• Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri (1871) on the injustices of the caste system. [1]
• B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar) wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read widely. [1]
• Local protest writings, like Kashibaba’s Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal (1938), showed caste and class exploitation. [1]

181. Ans.

• Rashsundari Debi wrote Amar Jiban (1876), the first full-length autobiography in Bengali. [1]
• Kailashbashini Devi wrote books highlighting women’s experiences from the 1860s. [1]
• Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, particularly widows. [1]

182. Ans.

• Many feared that women’s literacy would corrupt them and make them dissatisfied with their roles. [1]
• Conservative Muslim and Hindu families opposed women reading novels and romances. [1]
• Some women still learnt to read in secret, as Rashsundari Debi did. [1]

183. Ans.

• Very cheap books were brought to the markets in the nineteenth-century Madras towns. [1]
• They were sold at crossroads, and even the poor could buy them. [1]
• Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, increasing access to books. [1]

184. Ans.

• Before 1798 press control was relatively relaxed under the Company. [1]
• The Calcutta Supreme Court passed regulations to control press freedom. [1]
• The Company encouraged publications that would celebrate British rule. [1]

185. Ans.

• Governor-General William Bentinck agreed to revise the press laws. [1]
• Thomas Macaulay formulated new laws that restored the earlier freedoms. [1]
• This eased the restrictions on the press. [1]

186. Ans.

• After the revolt of 1857, enraged Englishmen demanded that the ‘native’ press be repressed. [1]
• Vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist. [1]
• The government began to debate measures of stringent control, leading to the Vernacular Press Act. [1]

187. Ans.

• It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws. [1]
• It gave the government extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. [1]
• A newspaper judged seditious was warned and, if it ignored the warning, the press could be seized and the machinery confiscated. [1]

188. Ans.

• The nationalist press continued to grow in number all over India. [1]
• Newspapers reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. [1]
• Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. [1]

189. Ans.

• Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 without trial. [1]
• Tilak wrote about them with great sympathy in his Kesari. [1]
• His imprisonment provoked widespread protests all over India. [1]

190. Ans.

• Print gave ordinary people access to the Bible and other ideas. [1]
• People like Menocchio read books and formed their own interpretations. [1]
• The authorities felt threatened by this independent thinking. [1]

191. Ans.

• It is a Korean collection of Buddhist scriptures. [1]
• It was printed from about 80,000 woodblocks. [1]
• It is a great example of woodblock printing in East Asia. [1]

192. Ans.

• Vellum was made from the skin of animals and was expensive. [1]
• Paper was cheaper and easy to produce. [1]
• With printing, paper allowed mass production of books. [1]

193. Ans.

• Earlier, reading was limited to the elite and was often done aloud for groups. [1]
• With print, people could read silently, individually and in private. [1]
• Reading became a habit of the wider society, and more people became literate. [1]

194. Ans.

• Some feared that cheap books would spread rebellion and irreligion. [1]
• Authorities worried that critical writings would encourage people to question tradition. [1]
• Rulers tried to control and censor print. [1]

195. Ans.

• By the 1780s, an outpouring of literature mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. [1]
• Cartoons and caricatures suggested that the monarchy was corrupt and enjoyed its own pleasures. [1]
• These created a critical attitude to royal authority and prepared the ground for the Revolution. [1]

196. Ans.

• Newspapers and journals discussed colonial misrule and political ideas. [1]
• Books, pamphlets and cartoons spread nationalist feelings. [1]
• The colonial state tried to control print because of this. [1]

197. Ans.

• Print allowed reformers to spread their ideas to a wide audience. [1]
• They could debate religious and social issues in a public arena. [1]
• Printed material enabled the formation of public opinion. [1]

198. Ans.

• The ulama are Muslim religious scholars. [1]
• They used print to publish thousands of fatwas and religious texts. [1]
• They guided Muslims on correct beliefs and behaviour in everyday life. [1]

199. Ans.

• A fatwa is a legal opinion on a religious matter given by an Islamic scholar. [1]
• The Deoband seminary issued thousands of fatwas telling Muslims how to conduct themselves. [1]
• They were printed and widely circulated. [1]

200. Ans.

• Jesuit priests in Goa printed tracts in Konkani; by 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanarese. [1]
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book at Cochin in 1579 and the first Malayalam book in 1713. [1]
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them translations of older works. [1]

SECTION – E (Long Answer · 5 Marks each)

201. Ans.

• Hand printing from woodblocks developed in China; from AD 594 books were printed by rubbing paper on inked woodblocks, on one side only. [1]
• The imperial state printed textbooks in vast numbers for civil service examinations; by the seventeenth century merchants and readers used print for trade and leisure. [1]
• Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture in the late nineteenth century, with a shift to mechanical printing. [1]
• Buddhist missionaries brought printing to Japan around AD 768–770; the Diamond Sutra of AD 868 is the oldest Japanese book; Edo produced illustrated books and ukiyo prints. [1]
• Korea produced the Tripitaka Koreana from about 80,000 woodblocks. [1]

202. Ans.

• Marco Polo brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Italy in 1295. [1]
• Before print, books were handwritten, expensive and slow to produce; luxury editions were on vellum. [1]
• Johann Gutenberg, a merchant’s son from Strasbourg and a master goldsmith, developed the system with the olive press as a model and moulds for metal types. [1]
• By 1448 he had perfected the system; the first book printed was the Bible, 180 copies in three years. [1]
• Its look imitated handwritten manuscripts, with decorations painted by hand, but mechanical printing soon spread. [1]

203. Ans.

• The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing transformed book production; between 1450 and 1550 presses were set up across Europe. [1]
• About 20 million copies flooded the market in the second half of the fifteenth century, and about 200 million in the sixteenth. [1]
• Books became cheaper, so a new reading public emerged, and reading spread beyond the elite. [1]
• Print changed people’s relationship to information, knowledge, institutions and authority. [1]
• It created a new culture of debate, aided religious reform and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. [1]

204. Ans.

• In 1517 Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses criticising the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. [1]
• Printed copies were posted on the door of a church at Wittenberg and spread rapidly. [1]
• His translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks, and a second edition came within three months. [1]
• Luther said print was ‘the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one’. [1]
• The Church was divided and a Protestant Reformation began. [1]

205. Ans.

• The Church feared that print would spread heretical ideas and weaken its authority. [1]
• Menocchio, a miller in Italy, reinterpreted the Bible after reading books, and was charged with heresy. [1]
• The Roman Catholic Church imposed severe controls on publishers and booksellers. [1]
• From 1558 it began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books. [1]
• This shows that print had given ordinary people the power to question established authority. [1]

206. Ans.

• Print popularised the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau, who attacked the Church and despotism. [1]
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate, in which old values were questioned and reason was valued. [1]
• By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked royalty and criticised their morality. [1]
• Cartoons and caricatures suggested that the monarchy was corrupt and enjoyed its own pleasures. [1]
• Mercier said the printing press was the most powerful engine of progress that would sweep despotism away. [1]

207. Ans.

• Earlier, the elite alone read, while ordinary people heard stories read aloud. [1]
• Printing made books cheap, so more people could buy and read them. [1]
• Publishers printed ballads, folk tales and almanacs with pictures for ordinary readers. [1]
• Chapbooks (England) and Bibliothèque Bleue (France) provided cheap reading. [1]
• Reading became a private and individual activity as literacy spread. [1]

208. Ans.

• Literacy rose, creating new readers – children, women and workers. [1]
• Primary education became compulsory, and a separate children’s press was set up in France in 1857; the Grimm Brothers compiled folk tales. [1]
• Women became readers and writers of novels; penny magazines were meant for them. [1]
• Lending libraries and the reduction of working hours made reading more widespread among workers. [1]
• Richard Hoe’s cylindrical press and the offset press made printing faster and cheaper. [1]

209. Ans.

• Women became important as readers and writers. [1]
• Penny magazines and manuals taught proper behaviour and housekeeping. [1]
• Novelists like Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters and George Eliot influenced ideas about women. [1]
• Their novels showed women as strong characters with a will of their own. [1]
• Lending libraries helped women read widely, giving them new ideas and awareness. [1]

210. Ans.

• The power-driven cylindrical press was perfected by Richard M. Hoe of New York in the mid-nineteenth century. [1]
• It could print 8,000 sheets per hour, which was useful for newspapers. [1]
• The offset press, which could print up to six colours at a time, came in the late nineteenth century. [1]
• Electrically operated presses speeded up printing. [1]
• Printers developed devices such as the automatic paper reel and photoelectric controls. [1]

211. Ans.

• India had a very rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and vernacular languages. [1]
• Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or handmade paper, often with beautiful illustrations. [1]
• They were expensive and fragile. [1]
• They could not be read easily; the scripts varied and styles were hard to read. [1]
• Hence knowledge was not accessible to ordinary people; this changed with print. [1]

212. Ans.

• The Portuguese missionaries brought the first printing press to Goa in the mid-sixteenth century. [1]
• Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed tracts; by 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanarese. [1]
• Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in Cochin in 1579 and the first Malayalam book in 1713. [1]
• By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts. [1]
• The English press came later; Hickey’s Bengal Gazette began in 1780. [1]

213. Ans.

• In 1780 Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine. [1]
• It described itself as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none’. [1]
• He published gossip about senior officials of the Company, including the Governor-General. [1]
• Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey and encouraged officially sanctioned newspapers. [1]
• By the close of the eighteenth century many newspapers and journals appeared, including those published by Indians. [1]

214. Ans.

• Print provided new forms of debate on social and religious matters. [1]
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 to promote reform. [1]
• Orthodox groups also published to oppose reform. [1]
• The ulama of the Deoband seminary (1867) published thousands of fatwas. [1]
• Print also spread religious texts such as the Ramcharitmanas widely. [1]

215. Ans.

• From 1810, the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was printed in Calcutta. [1]
• From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press, Lucknow, and the Shri Venkateshwar Press, Bombay, published numerous religious texts in vernaculars. [1]
• Printed religious books could be carried easily and read by many. [1]
• Religious texts reached people far outside the pandits’ circle. [1]
• They encouraged discussions and sometimes controversies on religion. [1]

216. Ans.

• New literary forms like the novel developed with printing. [1]
• Lyrics, short stories and essays about social and political matters were published. [1]
• Cartoons and caricatures commented on society and politics. [1]
• Women, workers and low-caste people wrote about their lives. [1]
• Print thus gave voice to diverse sections of society. [1]

217. Ans.

• Women’s reading and writing grew; many Indian women wrote for the first time. [1]
• Rashsundari Debi, who learnt to read secretly, wrote Amar Jiban (1876), the first full-length autobiography in Bengali. [1]
• Kailashbashini Devi wrote books from the 1860s on the oppression of women, who were kept in ignorance and forced to do hard domestic labour. [1]
• Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows. [1]
• Journals for women were published, some edited by women. [1]

218. Ans.

• They feared that reading would corrupt women. [1]
• Orthodox Hindus and Muslims believed that novels and romances would make women dissatisfied with their roles. [1]
• Women’s education was seen as a threat to traditional roles. [1]
• Some girls were taught to read in secret. [1]
• Reformers, on the other hand, supported women’s education and wrote textbooks and journals for them. [1]

219. Ans.

• Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri (1871) on the injustices of the caste system. [1]
• B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar) wrote powerfully on caste, and their writings were read widely. [1]
• Local protest writing, such as Kashibaba’s Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal (1938), showed links between caste and class exploitation. [1]
• Print enabled Dalits and workers to express their grievances. [1]
• Public discussions on caste took place in newspapers and journals. [1]

220. Ans.

• Very cheap small books were brought to Madras town markets in the nineteenth century and sold at crossroads. [1]
• Public libraries were set up in the early twentieth century and increased access to books. [1]
• Mill workers like Kashibaba wrote about their lives. [1]
• Social reformers wrote tracts to educate workers. [1]
• Print thus helped to spread new ideas to people who earlier had no access. [1]

221. Ans.

• Newspapers reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. [1]
• Nationalist leaders such as Tilak published papers like Kesari. [1]
• Books, pamphlets and cartoons spread nationalist ideas to wide audiences. [1]
• The government feared the nationalist press and tried to control it. [1]
• Print thus helped build a feeling of belonging together. [1]

222. Ans.

• Before 1798, the Company’s attitude was relatively liberal. [1]
• The Calcutta Supreme Court then passed regulations to control the press, and the Company encouraged publications that praised British rule. [1]
• In 1835, Governor-General Bentinck revised the press laws and Macaulay formulated laws restoring the earlier freedoms. [1]
• After the revolt of 1857, the attitude changed as Englishmen demanded repression of the ‘native’ press. [1]
• The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 gave the government wide powers of censorship. [1]

223. Ans.

• It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws. [1]
• It gave the government extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. [1]
• The government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers in different provinces. [1]
• When a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was warned; if the warning was ignored, the press could be seized and the machinery confiscated. [1]
• It was passed because vernacular newspapers had become assertively nationalist after 1857. [1]

224. Ans.

• Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in number all over India. [1]
• They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. [1]
• Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. [1]
• In 1907 the Punjab revolutionaries were deported; Tilak wrote with sympathy about them in Kesari. [1]
• His imprisonment in 1908 provoked widespread protests all over India. [1]

225. Ans.

• In Europe, print arrived from China via Marco Polo, and Gutenberg developed the press by 1448; in India, the press came with the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. [1]
• In Europe, print led to the Reformation and the Enlightenment; in India, it helped reforms and nationalism. [1]
• In both regions, print created new reading publics and public debates. [1]
• Authorities in both tried to control print: the Index of Prohibited Books in Europe and the Vernacular Press Act in India. [1]
• In both, women and the lower classes began to read and write. [1]

226. Ans.

• Thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau wrote against tradition, superstition and despotism. [1]
• Their writings were widely printed and read, and discussed in public. [1]
• Print created a public sphere in which people could debate ideas. [1]
• Mercier said that the press would sweep despotism away. [1]
• The ideas contributed to the French Revolution. [1]

227. Ans.

• In the oral tradition, stories were read aloud and passed on by word of mouth. [1]
• Printed books were read aloud in groups, and the written word was merged with the oral. [1]
• Folk tales, ballads and songs were printed with pictures. [1]
• Gradually, silent reading by individuals became common. [1]
• This changed the way knowledge was transmitted. [1]

228. Ans.

• Printed Bibles were available in vernacular languages after Luther’s translation. [1]
• Ordinary people could read and interpret religious texts themselves. [1]
• The Church’s control over interpretation weakened. [1]
• Dissenting views like Menocchio’s emerged. [1]
• The Church responded with controls and indexes. [1]

229. Ans.

• Marco Polo lived for many years in China. [1]
• He returned to Italy in 1295 with the knowledge of woodblock printing. [1]
• Italians began producing books with woodblocks. [1]
• The technology spread to other parts of Europe. [1]
• This prepared the ground for Gutenberg’s innovation. [1]

230. Ans.

• Woodblock printing was slow and costly for large works. [1]
• Handwritten manuscripts were expensive and took long to copy. [1]
• Both were suitable only for small editions. [1]
• Demand for books increased with the growth of trade and literacy. [1]
• This led to the need for a faster method, which Gutenberg developed. [1]

231. Ans.

• Printers published ballads and folk tales with beautiful pictures. [1]
• Illustrated chapbooks appealed to the poor. [1]
• Cartoons and caricatures communicated ideas to those who could not read well. [1]
• Popular almanacs informed people about weather and festivals. [1]
• Pictures helped bridge the gap between the literate and illiterate. [1]

232. Ans.

• Shorter working hours gave workers time to read. [1]
• Workers began writing their own books and tracts. [1]
• Self-educated workers wrote about politics and society. [1]
• Libraries and lending services were set up. [1]
• Print gave workers a political voice. [1]

233. Ans.

• Primary education became compulsory, creating a market for children’s books. [1]
• A separate children’s press was set up in France in 1857. [1]
• The Grimm Brothers collected folk tales from peasants and published them. [1]
• Stories were edited to suit children. [1]
• Penny magazines and school books spread widely. [1]

234. Ans.

• The Grimm Brothers of Germany collected traditional folk tales from peasants. [1]
• They compiled them in print for the first time. [1]
• Stories were edited to remove material unsuitable for children. [1]
• They helped create a national literature. [1]
• Their tales became part of the children’s reading in Europe. [1]

235. Ans.

• It spread knowledge and encouraged reform. [1]
• It allowed criticism of authority. [1]
• The Church feared heresy and banned books. [1]
• Rulers feared rebellion and censored the press. [1]
• However, print also helped governments spread their own messages. [1]

236. Ans.

• Indians began publishing their own newspapers in the early nineteenth century. [1]
• Newspapers carried news and discussions on social issues. [1]
• The Sambad Kaumudi (1821) of Raja Ram Mohan Roy was prominent. [1]
• They opposed or defended reforms. [1]
• They contributed to a sense of public opinion in colonial India. [1]

237. Ans.

• The Deoband seminary was founded in 1867. [1]
• It published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves. [1]
• It used print to spread Islamic teachings. [1]
• It explained how Muslims should live under colonial rule. [1]
• This shows how print helped religious communities. [1]

238. Ans.

• The colonial state used print to publish official gazettes and support colonial rule. [1]
• It censored vernacular newspapers. [1]
• Nationalists used print to criticise colonial misrule. [1]
• They spread ideas about swaraj and national unity. [1]
• Both sides saw print as a key to public opinion. [1]

239. Ans.

• Presses spread across Europe from Germany. [1]
• Books were produced in larger quantities at lower cost. [1]
• Scribes’ workshops declined. [1]
• Authors and printers began to profit from the market. [1]
• Many more people, including the poor, could buy books. [1]

240. Ans.

• Woodblock printing spread from China to Japan and Korea. [1]
• Marco Polo took the knowledge to Italy. [1]
• Gutenberg’s press spread from Germany across Europe. [1]
• Missionaries brought the printing press to India. [1]
• Print thus linked the cultures of Asia and Europe. [1]

241. Ans.

• It spread knowledge and literacy widely. [1]
• It created public debates and shaped public opinion. [1]
• It supported reform, revolution and nationalism. [1]
• It gave voice to women, workers and the oppressed. [1]
• It laid the foundation for modern media and communication. [1]

242. Ans.

• There were many languages and scripts, so many types were needed. [1]
• The manuscript tradition was strong, and readers were few. [1]
• The colonial government sought to control printing. [1]
• Orthodox groups opposed some publications. [1]
• Cost and limited literacy restricted the market. [1]

243. Ans.

• Reformers published journals and tracts to spread reform ideas. [1]
• The Sambad Kaumudi supported reform of customs like sati. [1]
• Orthodox groups responded with their own papers. [1]
• Women’s journals discussed female education. [1]
• Print made reform a matter of public debate. [1]

244. Ans.

• As literacy increased, newspapers and books reached more people. [1]
• Print became a medium for political discussion. [1]
• Nationalist leaders used it to mobilise people. [1]
• The colonial state restricted print through laws. [1]
• Print and politics were thus closely connected. [1]

245. Ans.

• Mercier said print is the most powerful engine of progress. [1]
• Print spread ideas of liberty, equality and reason. [1]
• It helped create public opinion that challenged despotism. [1]
• It contributed to revolutions and reform. [1]
• However, print could also spread propaganda, so its effect depended on how it was used. [1]

246. Ans.

• Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768–770. [1]
• The oldest Japanese book, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, was printed in AD 868, with six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. [1]
• Playing cards and paper money were printed; books were produced on a wide range of subjects. [1]
• In the late eighteenth century, the urban circles of Edo (Tokyo) saw illustrated collections of paintings (ukiyo) on women, etiquette, cooking and famous places. [1]
• Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo in 1753, became famous for ukiyo prints; libraries and bookshops were packed with hand-printed material. [1]

247. Ans.

• Print allowed ordinary readers to read the Bible and other texts for themselves. [1]
• Menocchio, a miller of Italy, reinterpreted the Bible after reading books and was charged with heresy. [1]
• The Roman Catholic Church imposed controls on publishers and booksellers and maintained an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558. [1]
• Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses showed how print could challenge a powerful institution. [1]
• Print thus made it difficult for authorities to monopolise knowledge and suppress critical ideas. [1]

248. Ans.

• Scribes’ hand copying declined as books were mass produced. [1]
• New printing houses were set up and printers travelled from Germany to other countries. [1]
• Compositors arranged metal types in galleys, and the printing was done in workshops. [1]
• Books became cheaper, and a market for books and newspapers grew. [1]
• Booksellers and publishers produced new kinds of popular literature such as almanacs and ballads. [1]

249. Ans.

• After the revolt of 1857, the colonial attitude to the press hardened; Englishmen demanded repression of the ‘native’ press. [1]
• The vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist and reported on colonial misrule. [1]
• The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed on the model of the Irish Press Laws, to control the vernacular press. [1]
• Nationalist newspapers still grew in number and encouraged nationalist activities. [1]
• The deportation of Punjab revolutionaries in 1907 and Tilak’s imprisonment in 1908 led to widespread protests. [1]

250. Ans.

• In Europe, women became readers and writers; novelists such as Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters were popular, and penny magazines were meant for them. [1]
• In India, women like Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbashini Devi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about women’s lives. [1]
• In both, women faced opposition from conservative families who feared that reading would corrupt them. [1]
• In both, print gave women a voice and a sense of community. [1]
• In India, women’s reading often began in secret and reformers had to argue for girls’ education. [1]

SECTION – F (Value-Based Questions · 3 Marks each)

251. Ans.

• Values: determination, courage and love of learning. [1]
• She overcame social restrictions on women’s education through her own effort. [1]
• Educated girls contribute to family, society and the nation; education gives equality, independence and dignity. [1]

252. Ans.

• Media should be used to spread knowledge, truth and positive change. [1]
• We should avoid spreading false or hateful content. [1]
• Values: honesty, responsibility and respect for others’ views. [1]

253. Ans.

• Individuals have the right to think, question and express views. [1]
• Suppression of ideas by authority violates freedom and human dignity. [1]
• Values: freedom of thought, tolerance and respect for diverse opinions. [1]

254. Ans.

• Censorship may be needed to prevent hate or incitement, but excessive control suppresses ideas. [1]
• A healthy society allows debate and criticism within reasonable limits. [1]
• Values: freedom of expression balanced with social responsibility. [1]

255. Ans.

• A free press informs citizens, exposes wrongdoing and holds the government accountable. [1]
• Without it, citizens cannot form informed opinions. [1]
• Values: transparency, accountability and democratic participation. [1]

256. Ans.

• Values: courage, patriotism and commitment to truth. [1]
• He wrote fearlessly against injustice even at the cost of imprisonment. [1]
• Journalists should be fearless, truthful and committed to public interest. [1]

257. Ans.

• Writers can expose injustice and inspire change. [1]
• Phule’s writing raised awareness of caste discrimination. [1]
• Values: equality, justice and social reform. [1]

258. Ans.

• It brings their problems to public attention. [1]
• It challenges the dominance of elite voices. [1]
• Values: inclusion, dignity of labour and social justice. [1]

259. Ans.

• Writing spreads awareness about gender discrimination. [1]
• It builds solidarity and confidence among women. [1]
• Values: gender equality, courage and respect for women. [1]

260. Ans.

• No; reading widens knowledge and does not corrupt women. [1]
• Denying education is discrimination and a violation of rights. [1]
• Values: equality, open-mindedness and respect for women’s choices. [1]

261. Ans.

• Libraries give everyone, including the poor, access to knowledge. [1]
• They promote reading habits and lifelong learning. [1]
• Values: equality of opportunity and love of knowledge. [1]

262. Ans.

• It spreads education and empowers people. [1]
• With easy access, people must verify facts and avoid misinformation. [1]
• Values: critical thinking, honesty and responsibility. [1]

263. Ans.

• Editors risked punishment to inform people of the truth. [1]
• They created public opinion against injustice. [1]
• Values: courage, truthfulness and duty to the nation. [1]

264. Ans.

• They should be shared with respect and accuracy. [1]
• They should promote the common message of love and peace. [1]
• Values: religious tolerance, harmony and respect for all faiths. [1]

265. Ans.

• It shows a commitment to independence from government or business pressure. [1]
• Independent media can report fairly. [1]
• Values: impartiality, integrity and fearlessness. [1]

266. Ans.

• It limits the public’s right to know the truth. [1]
• Papers would only praise the government and hide its faults. [1]
• Values: freedom of the press, transparency and democracy. [1]

267. Ans.

• By raising awareness about problems such as discrimination and superstition. [1]
• By providing a platform for constructive debate. [1]
• Values: rationality, social responsibility and compassion. [1]

268. Ans.

• Knowledge empowers people and reduces inequality. [1]
• It enables everyone to participate in society. [1]
• Values: inclusion, equality and social justice. [1]

269. Ans.

• Folk tales carry the heritage, values and identity of communities. [1]
• Preservation prevents the loss of oral traditions. [1]
• Values: respect for tradition, cultural pride and diversity. [1]

270. Ans.

• An educated bureaucracy leads to better administration. [1]
• Education based on merit promotes fairness. [1]
• Values: merit, learning and public service. [1]

271. Ans.

• Check the source and verify the facts before believing or sharing. [1]
• Avoid spreading unverified information. [1]
• Values: critical thinking, honesty and responsibility. [1]

272. Ans.

• They record the way of life, customs and ideas of a period. [1]
• They help future generations understand their past. [1]
• Values: appreciation of art, heritage and cultural continuity. [1]

273. Ans.

• Education develops a child’s potential and opportunities. [1]
• It builds an informed and responsible citizenry. [1]
• Values: equality, opportunity and respect for children’s rights. [1]

274. Ans.

• Workers used free time to educate themselves and better their situation. [1]
• Self-education builds confidence and awareness of rights. [1]
• Values: perseverance, self-discipline and love of learning. [1]

275. Ans.

• Citizens should use media to promote unity, truth and constructive criticism. [1]
• Governments should protect freedom of expression and not suppress dissent. [1]
• Values: democracy, responsibility and respect for rights. [1]

QUICK REVISION · KEY POINTS (CBSE / COMPETITIVE)

1. East Asia: woodblock printing began in China (books printed from AD 594, one side only); imperial state printed textbooks; Shanghai hub in the late 1800s; Japan: Diamond Sutra AD 868, Edo ukiyo, Utamaro.
2. Europe: Marco Polo (1295) brought woodblock knowledge; Gutenberg (Strasbourg) perfected the press by 1448, olive press as model; first book Bible, 180 copies in three years.
3. Print revolution: 20 million books in the later 1400s, 200 million in the 1500s; new reading public; chapbooks, Bibliothèque Bleue.
4. Reformation: Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517); Menocchio; Index of Prohibited Books (1558). Enlightenment: Voltaire, Rousseau; Mercier’s remark on the press.
5. Nineteenth century: children, women (Jane Austen, Brontë sisters) and workers as readers; Grimm Brothers; Hoe’s cylindrical press; offset press.
6. India: first press at Goa (Portuguese); first Tamil book at Cochin 1579, Malayalam 1713; Hickey’s Bengal Gazette 1780; Sambad Kaumudi 1821; Deoband 1867; Ramcharitmanas printed in Calcutta in 1810.
7. Women’s writing: Rashsundari Debi (Amar Jiban, 1876), Kailashbashini Devi, Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai. Caste: Phule (Gulamgiri, 1871), Ambedkar, Periyar, Kashibaba (1938).
8. Press laws: Bentinck and Macaulay (1835); after 1857 repression; Vernacular Press Act 1878 (Irish Press Laws model); Tilak’s Kesari and imprisonment (1908).

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