Class 10 CBSE Social Science Question Bank - 1000 Two Marks Questions

Class 10 Social Science Question Bank

100 Important Questions | 2 Marks Each | Chapter Wise

Total Questions: 100 | 10 Chapters | 2 Marks Each

Solution:
The main objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars and to restore the conservative order (monarchies) that had been overthrown by Napoleon.

Solution:
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He founded two secret societies—'Young Italy' in Marseilles and 'Young Europe' in Berne—to promote the unification of Italy and spread republican democratic ideas.

Solution:
Zollverein was a customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two, creating an integrated economic space in German states.

Solution:
Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, was the architect of German unification. He carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy through his policy of "Blood and Iron".

Solution:
Germania became the visual allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Solution:
The Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property across regions ruled by France.

Solution:
1. Politically, it emphasized freedom for the individual, equality before the law, and government by consent.
2. Economically, it stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on trade.

Solution:
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation under Ottoman control. As Ottoman power declined and romantic nationalism spread, the different Slavic nationalities struggled for independence, leading to intense conflict.

Solution:
Marianne was a popular female allegory in France representing the French Republic. Her features were drawn from the ideas of Liberty and the Republic (red cap, tricolour, and cockade).

Solution:
Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861.

Solution:
Mahatma Gandhi chose salt because it was consumed by both the rich and the poor, making it a powerful unifying symbol. The monopoly over salt production and the tax on it revealed the oppressive face of British rule.

Solution:
Passed in 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for up to two years.

Solution:
News of the massacre led to widespread strikes, clashes with the police, and attacks on government buildings across north Indian towns, which was met with brutal government repression.

Solution:
The Simon Commission was boycotted because it did not have a single Indian member; all its members were British, despite being set up to review India's constitutional system.

Solution:
Signed on March 5, 1931, Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London, while the British government agreed to release political prisoners.

Solution:
Gandhiji called off the movement because of the violent Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where a peaceful crowd burnt down a police station, feeling that the movement was turning violent.

Solution:
Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

Solution:
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the first image of Bharat Mata and also wrote 'Vande Mataram'. Later, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous icon of Bharat Mata.

Solution:
The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali to defend the temporal powers of the Ottoman Caliph (Khalifa), the spiritual head of the Islamic world, after World War I.

Solution:
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers in Assam were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, which was rarely given.

Solution:
Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise the needs of future generations.

Solution:
* Renewable: Can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical, or mechanical processes (e.g., solar energy, water).
* Non-renewable: Take millions of years in their formation and exhaust after use (e.g., minerals, fossil fuels).

Solution:
Black soil (Regur soil) is ideal for growing cotton and is rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate and magnesium. It is prominent in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.

Solution:
1. Deforestation and overgrazing in states like Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
2. Over-irrigation leading to waterlogging and salinity in Punjab and Haryana.

Solution:
Ploughing along the contour lines of slopes decelerates the flow of water down the slopes, thereby preventing soil erosion on hilly terrains.

Solution:
Resources that are owned privately by individuals are called individual resources. Examples: Plot of land, private house, or farm pond.

Solution:
Net Sown Area represents the total area sown with crops and harvested once in an agricultural year.

Solution:
Alluvial soil is found in the eastern coastal plains. It is extremely fertile, rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime, making it ideal for agriculture.

Solution:
Strip cropping is a method where large fields are divided into strips, and grass is left to grow between crop rows to break the force of wind and reduce soil erosion.

Solution:
1. Identification and inventory of resources across the region through surveying and mapping.
2. Developing a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup.

Solution:
* Kharif: Sown with the onset of monsoon (June-July) and harvested in Sept-Oct (e.g., Rice, Maize).
* Rabi: Sown in winter (Oct-Dec) and harvested in summer (April-June) (e.g., Wheat, Gram).

Solution:
It is practiced on small patches of land using primitive tools like hoes, sticks, and family labor. It relies heavily on natural rainfall and soil fertility (Slash and Burn).

Solution:
Tea requires tropical/subtropical climate, deep, well-drained fertile soil rich in humus, and warm, moist frost-free climate with frequent rainfall throughout the year.

Solution:
Tea and Coffee are the two primary beverage crops grown in India.

Solution:
Plantation is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown over a large area using capital-intensive inputs and migrant labor (e.g., Tea, Rubber, Coffee).

Solution:
Pulses are leguminous crops that help in restoring soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, making them ideal for rotational farming.

Solution:
1. Collectivization and consolidation of holdings.
2. Abolition of Zamindari and introduction of Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and crop insurance schemes.

Solution:
Initiated by Vinoba Bhave, it was a voluntary land reform movement where wealthy landowners donated land to landless villagers. It is also known as the Bloodless Revolution.

Solution:
Rice is the staple food crop of India. West Bengal is the largest rice-producing state.

Solution:
Zaid is a short summer cropping season between Rabi and Kharif months (March to June). Crops grown include Watermelon, Cucumber, and Muskmelon.

Solution:
Majoritarianism is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, disregarding the needs and wishes of the minority, as seen with Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka.

Solution:
Power shared among different organs of government placed at the same level—namely the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

Solution:
Power shared among governments at different levels, such as a general Central Government, State Governments, and Local Governments.

Solution:
It is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French, or German-speaking) regardless of where they live. It handles cultural, educational, and language issues.

Solution:
Power sharing helps reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups and ensures political stability in a country.

Solution:
Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise.

Solution:
In horizontal power distribution, each organ of government checks the other, ensuring no single organ exercises unlimited power, creating a balance of power.

Solution:
59% live in Flemish region and speak Dutch, 40% live in Wallonia region and speak French, and 1% speak German.

Solution:
Sinhala was declared the sole official language of Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1956, disregarding Tamil.

Solution:
The headquarters of the European Union is located in Brussels, Belgium.

Solution:
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Solution:
* Coming Together: Independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit (e.g., USA, Australia).
* Holding Together: A large country decides to divide its power between constituent states and the national government (e.g., India, Spain).

Solution:
Subjects that do not fall under Union, State, or Concurrent Lists (like computer software and AI) are Residuary Subjects. The Central Government has the power to legislate on them.

Solution:
1. Mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
2. At least one-third of all positions reserved for women.

Solution:
It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union and State Governments. Examples: Education, Forests, Marriage, and Adoption.

Solution:
Territories that are too small to become independent states and cannot be merged with existing states are Union Territories. They are run by the Central Government (e.g., Chandigarh, Ladakh).

Solution:
The Judiciary plays a crucial role in overseeing implementation of constitutional provisions. High Courts and the Supreme Court settle disputes between central and state governments.

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A few Gram Panchayats grouped together form a Panchayat Samiti or Block / Mandal. Members are elected by all panchayat members in that area.

Solution:
The Mayor is the political head of a Municipal Corporation.

Solution:
There are 22 scheduled languages recognized in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, including Hindi.

Solution:
A system in which all work inside the home is done by women of the family or organized by them through domestic helpers, while outdoor work is done by men.

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A state that has no official state religion, treats all religions equally, and gives all citizens the freedom to practice or profess any religion (e.g., India).

Solution:
A social system that values men more than women, giving them power and authority over women in family and society.

Solution:
Communalism is an ideology where religion is used as the primary basis of social identity and political mobilization, creating antagonism toward other religions.

Solution:
At least one-third (33%) of seats in local government bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities) are reserved for women in India.

Solution:
1. Urbanization and economic growth.
2. Spread of literacy, occupational mobility, and constitutional provisions outlawing untouchability.

Solution:
Radical women's movements aimed at attaining equality for women in personal, political, social, and professional spheres of life.

Solution:
1. Political parties select candidates keeping in mind the caste composition of the electorate.
2. Parties make appeals to caste sentiments during election campaigning to gain votes.

Solution:
The Child Sex Ratio (number of girl children per 1000 boys in age group 0-6 years) remains low due to female foeticide, standing around 919 girls per 1000 boys.

Solution:
The shift of population from rural areas to urban areas (cities and towns) in search of employment, education, and modern lifestyles.

Solution:
Per Capita Income is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by its total population.
Formula: Total Income / Total Population.

Solution:
HDI is a composite statistic published by UNDP to measure country overall development. Criteria include: Per Capita Income, Life Expectancy, and Mean Years of Schooling.

Solution:
IMR indicates the number of children that die before completing one year of age as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in that particular year.

Solution:
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group.

Solution:
Because per capita income hides income disparities and does not measure non-material aspects like healthcare, literacy, environmental quality, and freedom.

Solution:
BMI is used to evaluate nutritional status in adults.
Formula: Weight (in kg) divided by the square of Height (in meters).

Solution:
Groundwater is renewable but if overused beyond natural replenishment, it exhausts; whereas crude oil reserves are non-renewable and deplete permanently with consumption.

Solution:
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children in the age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.

Solution:
The World Bank publishes the World Development Report, using Per Capita Income to classify countries as rich or low-income.

Solution:
PDS is a government initiative that provides essential food items (rice, wheat, sugar) to lower-income families at subsidized prices through ration shops.

Solution:
* Primary: Exploits natural resources directly (e.g., Agriculture, Mining).
* Secondary: Transforms natural products into other forms through manufacturing (e.g., Textile mills, Sugar factories).

Solution:
Because activities in this sector do not produce physical goods themselves; instead, they generate services that support primary and secondary production (e.g., Transport, Banking, IT).

Solution:
A situation where more people are engaged in a job than actually required. Even if a few workers are removed, total output remains unaffected (commonly seen in agriculture).

Solution:
* Organised: Registered by government, offers job security, fixed working hours, and paid leaves.
* Unorganised: Small and scattered units outside government control, low wages, no job security or benefits.

Solution:
GDP is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country's boundaries during a specific financial year.

Solution:
1. Guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a year to rural households willing to do unskilled manual work.
2. If the government fails to provide employment within 15 days, an unemployment allowance is given.

Solution:
* Public Sector: Owned and operated by government to provide social welfare (e.g., Railways, Post Office).
* Private Sector: Owned by private individuals/companies driven by profit motive (e.g., TATA, Reliance).

Solution:
To avoid double counting, because the value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate inputs used during production.

Solution:
Increasing demand for basic services like healthcare, education, transport, banking, and rapid growth of information technology (IT) services.

Solution:
1. Construction workers and street vendors.
2. Domestic servants and rickshaw pullers.

Solution:
Barter System is a system where goods are directly exchanged for other goods without using money. Its main limitation is the requirement of "Double Coincidence of Wants".

Solution:
It means what a person desires to sell is exactly what the other person wishes to buy. Money eliminates this need.

Solution:
Because currency notes and coins are authorized by the government of the country, making it legally accepted as a measure of value for goods and services.

Solution:
Collateral is an asset owned by the borrower (such as land, house, vehicle, bank deposit) that is pledged to a lender as a guarantee until the loan is repaid.

Solution:
RBI is India's central bank. It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government and supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.

Solution:
* Formal: Banks & Cooperatives, supervised by RBI, reasonable interest rate.
* Informal: Moneylenders, friends, traders, no supervisor, charge exorbitant interest rates.

Solution:
SHG is a small organization of 15-20 rural poor (mostly women) who pool their savings regularly to give small loans to members at low interest rates without collateral.

Solution:
A situation where a borrower falls into a cycle of debt from which recovery is painful, often forced to sell property or take new high-interest loans to clear old ones.

Solution:
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the account holder's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

Solution:
1. Lack of collateral and formal documentation.
2. Absence of bank branches in remote rural regions and easy accessibility to local moneylenders.

Note: Practice all 100 questions thoroughly for CBSE Class 10 Social Science Board Examinations. Click on any question to view its detailed answer.

Class 10 Social Science Question Bank

Questions 101 to 200 | 2 Marks Each | Chapter Wise

Questions: 101 – 200 | 2 Marks Each

Solution:
Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through trade, investment, technology, and movement of people.

Solution:
An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation (e.g., Samsung, Tata Motors, Nike).

Solution:
Investment made by foreign companies or MNCs to acquire assets like land, buildings, and machinery in another country is called Foreign Direct Investment.

Solution:
Restrictions used by a government to regulate foreign trade and control the inflow/outflow of goods. Example: Import Duty (Tax on Imports).

Solution:
Removing restrictions or barriers set by the government on international trade and investment is known as Liberalisation.

Solution:
The main objective of the WTO is to liberalize international trade and establish rules for global trade among nations.

Solution:
SEZs are designated industrial zones with world-class facilities set up by the government to attract foreign companies to invest in manufacturing.

Solution:
1. Rapid improvements in transportation technology.
2. Advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) like internet and telecom.

Solution:
1. By setting up joint ventures with local companies.
2. By purchasing local companies or placing orders with small producers.

Solution:
Small domestic industries (like toy making, battery making) face tough competition from cheaper imports, leading to shutdown of several small units.

Solution:
The earliest print technology developed in China, Japan, and Korea as hand-printing (woodblock printing).

Solution:
Johann Gutenberg invented the first mechanical printing press in Strasbourg, Germany, in the 1430s. The first book printed was the Bible.

Solution:
Marco Polo, an Italian explorer, brought woodblock printing knowledge back to Europe from China in 1295.

Solution:
Passed by the British government in India to suppress local language newspapers that reported critically against colonial rule.

Solution:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy published 'Sambad Kaumudi' in 1821 to campaign against social evils like Sati and orthodoxy.

Solution:
Manuscripts were handwritten documents written on palm leaves or handmade paper. Limitation: Highly fragile, expensive, and difficult to read.

Solution:
Jyotiba Phule wrote 'Gulamgiri' in 1871 to highlight the injustices of the caste system and the plight of lower castes in India.

Solution:
Pocket-sized cheap books sold by peddlers called *chapmen* in England for a penny so that common poor people could buy and read them.

Solution:
Martin Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticizing Roman Catholic practices. Its printed copies spread rapidly, triggering religious reform across Europe.

Solution:
'Bengal Gazette', edited by James Augustus Hickey starting from 1780.

Solution:
The technique of collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops or catchments for future usage and groundwater recharge.

Solution:
Jawaharlal Nehru called them so because they integrate agricultural development with rapid industrialisation and urban growth (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam).

Solution:
Diversion channels built by people in Western Himalayan mountain regions to lead water for agricultural irrigation.

Solution:
Underground tanks built inside homes or courtyards in arid regions of Rajasthan (like Bikaner and Phalodi) to store drinking rainwater.

Solution:
1. Over-exploitation and unequal access to water resources.
2. Pollution of water bodies due to industrial effluents and agricultural chemicals.

Solution:
1. Submergence of large forest land and loss of natural flora/fauna.
2. Large scale displacement of local tribal communities.

Solution:
A 200-year-old traditional system in Meghalaya where stream and spring water is tapped using bamboo pipes to irrigate plants drop-by-drop.

Solution:
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is constructed on the Narmada River in Gujarat.

Solution:
Rainwater collected directly in underground tanks in Rajasthan is locally referred to as 'Palar Pani' and considered the purest form of natural water.

Solution:
Tamil Nadu is the first state in India to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for all houses.

Solution:
Geologists define a mineral as a naturally occurring homogenous substance with a definable internal crystal structure.

Solution:
* Ferrous: Contain iron content (e.g., Iron Ore, Manganese).
* Non-Ferrous: Do not contain iron content (e.g., Copper, Bauxite).

Solution:
Odisha and Chhattisgarh (along with Karnataka and Jharkhand).

Solution:
* Conventional: Traditional exhaustible energy sources (e.g., Coal, Petroleum).
* Non-Conventional: Modern renewable eco-friendly energy sources (e.g., Solar, Wind, Geothermal).

Solution:
It is called buried sunshine because it was formed from plant matter buried millions of years ago. Types: Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, and Peat.

Solution:
Gas produced from decomposition of organic waste (cattle dung, farm waste). Advantage: Provides clean cooking fuel and leaves high-quality organic manure.

Solution:
Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal with more than 80% carbon content.

Solution:
Mica, due to its excellent dielectric strength, low power loss factor, and resistance to high voltage.

Solution:
Heat energy generated and stored inside the Earth, harnessed by turning underground steam into electricity (e.g., Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh).

Solution:
The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu (from Nagarcoil to Madurai).

Solution:
Processing raw materials into more valuable finished products in large quantities using machine power (e.g., converting sugarcane into sugar).

Solution:
1. It modernizes agriculture by providing machinery and fertilizers.
2. Reduces dependency on agriculture by generating employment in industrial and service sectors.

Solution:
* Agro-based: Use agricultural raw materials (e.g., Cotton textile, Sugar).
* Mineral-based: Use minerals and metals as raw materials (e.g., Iron and Steel, Cement).

Solution:
When many industries tend to come together in urban centers to make use of advantages offered by city infrastructure (like banking, transport, electricity).

Solution:
Due to low cost iron ore, proximity to high-grade coal mines, cheap labor, and good transport connectivity in that belt.

Solution:
Bengaluru is known as the Electronic Capital of India.

Solution:
1. Reusing and recycling water in multiple stages.
2. Treating hot water and toxic industrial effluents before releasing them into rivers or ponds.

Solution:
* Basic: Supply products as raw materials to manufacture other goods (e.g., Iron & Steel).
* Consumer: Produce goods directly for consumer use (e.g., Soap, Paper, Toothpaste).

Solution:
Because sugarcane produced there has higher sucrose content and cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.

Solution:
The first successful modern textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

Solution:
They facilitate movement of goods, people, and information quickly, connecting production centers with markets and strengthening national integration.

Solution:
1. Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway tracks.
2. Roads provide door-to-door service and can traverse sharp slopes and hilly regions easily.

Solution:
A major 6-lane highway project connecting India's four major mega cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, managed by NHAI.

Solution:
When the value of exports from a country exceeds the value of its imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade.

Solution:
Trade carried out between two or more different countries across international borders.

Solution:
Kandla (Deendayal Port) in Gujarat and Mumbai Port in Maharashtra.

Solution:
It is used to transport liquids like crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas efficiently with zero trans-shipment losses or delays.

Solution:
Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd.

Solution:
Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport because they are fuel-efficient and eco-friendly.

Solution:
The Ganga river stretch between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) is declared as National Waterway No. 1.

Solution:
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government by agreeing on common policies and programs.

Solution:
1. The Leaders
2. The Active Members
3. The Followers

Solution:
* One-Party: Only one party is allowed to control and run government (e.g., China).
* Two-Party: Power usually alternates between two main ruling parties (e.g., USA, UK).

Solution:
A system where several political parties compete and have a chance to form government. Advantage: Allows diverse social and political opinions to be represented (e.g., India).

Solution:
A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok Sabha or Assembly elections in 4 states and wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha.

Solution:
A government formed together by an alliance of two or more political parties when no single party secures a clear majority in elections.

Solution:
Changing party allegiance from the political party on whose symbol a representative was elected to another party for power or personal gain.

Solution:
A signed legal document submitted to an official officer where a candidate makes a sworn statement regarding their income, property, and criminal cases.

Solution:
1. Contest elections to secure public offices.
2. Form and run governments while offering policy choices to voters.

Solution:
The Election Commission of India (ECI).

Solution:
1. Promotes equality among citizens and enhances individual dignity.
2. Improves the quality of decision-making and provides a method to resolve conflicts.

Solution:
It means that elected ruling leaders are answerable to citizens for their actions and policies through regular free and fair elections.

Solution:
The right and means of citizens to examine whether decision-making followed proper norms and legal procedures.

Solution:
No, economic growth depends on population size, global situation, and priorities. However, democracy ensures equitable distribution of wealth better than dictatorships.

Solution:
By providing constitutional mechanisms for peaceful negotiations and equal representation among different religious, linguistic, and cultural groups.

Solution:
By legally recognizing equal rights, outlawing discrimination, and reserving political participation opportunities for women in governance.

Solution:
A government where laws and authority are accepted by citizens because leaders are chosen through constitutionally valid, free, and regular elections.

Solution:
Decisions can take longer due to long consultation processes, and political corruption remains a common challenge in many democracies.

Solution:
Because as one goal or expectation is fulfilled by people, they raise new demands for further political and social improvements.

Solution:
Belgium successfully accommodated its Dutch and French ethnic groups through balanced power sharing arrangements.

Solution:
A person who purchases goods or services from the market for personal consumption and usage.

Solution:
Consumer Protection Act passed in 1986 in India to safeguard consumers from unfair trade practices and establish consumer courts.

Solution:
1. Right to Safety (protection against hazardous goods).
2. Right to Information (details regarding price, ingredients, and expiry date).

Solution:
* ISI: Assures quality standard for industrial and electrical goods.
* AGMARK: Assures quality standard for agricultural products like oil and honey.

Solution:
1. District Consumer Forum
2. State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
3. National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

Solution:
December 24th is celebrated as National Consumers Day in India.

Solution:
Right to Information Act enacted in Oct 2005 empower citizens to seek official information from government departments, ensuring transparency.

Solution:
Adulteration of food items, selling expired products, and charging prices above MRP (Maximum Retail Price).

Solution:
The right to seek compensation or replacement against unfair trade practices and exploitation through consumer courts.

Solution:
Hallmark is used as a standardized purity certification mark for Gold and Silver jewelry in India.

Solution:
Laws restricting the import of corn into Britain. They were abolished due to pressure from urban dwellers and industrialists facing high food prices.

Solution:
A fast-spreading cattle plague disease that killed 90% of cattle in Africa in the 1890s, destroying local livelihoods and enabling European conquest.

Solution:
A bonded laborer under contract to work for an employer for a specific period to pay off passage to a new country or plantation.

Solution:
Damodar river and its tributaries (in Jharkhand and West Bengal).

Solution:
Ancient trade routes connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa, facilitating movement of silk, spices, pottery, and cultural exchange.

Solution:
A severe worldwide economic slump triggered by US stock market crash, leading to sharp declines in production, employment, incomes, and trade.

Solution:
* Red Soil: Formed due to weathering of crystalline igneous rocks, red due to iron diffusion.
* Laterite Soil: Develops in tropical areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall due to intense leaching.

Solution:
The local name given to Slash and Burn primitive subsistence agriculture in North-Eastern states of India (like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram).

Solution:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank established in 1944 to preserve post-war global economic stability.

Solution:
A strictly protected area reserved for wildlife conservation where human activities like forestry or grazing are prohibited. Example: Kanha National Park / Bandhavgarh National Park in MP.

Note: Practice these questions (101 to 200) for CBSE Class 10 Board Exams. Click on any question to view its detailed answer.

Class 10 Social Science Question Bank

Questions 301 to 500 | 2 Marks & Short Answer Types | Final Module

Questions: 301 – 500 | Chapter-wise Complete Revision

Solution:
It was convened by German middle-class professionals to draft a constitution for a unified German nation headed by a constitutional monarchy.

Solution:
Junkers were large landowners in Prussia who supported Otto von Bismarck in the process of German unification.

Solution:
He was an Italian revolutionary who founded secret societies 'Young Italy' and 'Young Europe' to promote democratic republic values.

Solution:
Tensions in the Balkan region under the Ottoman Empire, where different Slavic nationalities struggled for independence, eventually leading to World War I.

Solution:
It was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha movement in India against the oppressive Tinkathia indigo plantation system in Bihar.

Solution:
Mahatma Gandhi withdrew it after the Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur, where a violent crowd burned down a police station, killing 22 policemen.

Solution:
An agreement between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi that reserved seats for Depressed Classes in provincial councils while maintaining general electorates.

Solution:
The phase of large-scale industrial production for international markets that occurred before the establishment of modern factories.

Solution:
Paid agents appointed by the British East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine cloth quality.

Solution:
Because the machine speeded up spinning and required fewer workers, creating widespread fear of job loss among female spinners.

Solution:
A mechanical device used for weaving that operated via ropes and pulleys, increasing productivity and enabling large loom operation.

Solution:
He invented the first mechanical movable-type printing press in Germany around 1448.

Solution:
Inexpensive pocket-sized books sold in Britain by itinerant peddlers (chapmen) for a single penny, making literature accessible to poor citizens.

Solution:
To censor and suppress anti-colonial reporting published in local Indian language newspapers.

Solution:
A religious reformer who started the Protestant Reformation. He described printing as "the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one."

Solution: Killed 90% of local livestock, destroying African livelihoods and easing European imperialist conquest.

Solution: Fabled South American city of legendary gold wealth that led to European exploratory expeditions.

Solution: Agricultural overproduction paired with the collapse of the US stock market and bank failures.

Solution: British laws that restricted grain imports to protect local landowners, causing high food prices.

Solution: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, established in 1944.

Solution: Leader of the tribal armed resistance movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh against British forest laws.

Solution: British law preventing Assam tea plantation workers from leaving gardens without explicit permission.

Solution: A statutory committee sent to review India's constitutional setup; boycotted because it lacked Indian members.

Solution: It marked the formal beginning of Mahatma Gandhi's Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 by breaking the Salt Law.

Solution: Colonial law allowing detention of political prisoners without trial for up to two years.

Solution: Movement led by Ali Brothers to support the Ottoman Caliph, united with Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.

Solution: Mahatma Gandhi wrote it in 1909 declaring British rule survived only due to Indian cooperation.

Solution: Mahatma Gandhi designed a tricolor flag (red, green, white) with a spinning wheel in the center.

Solution: A customs union formed in 1834 by Prussia to remove internal tariff barriers across German states.

Solution: He was proclaimed King of unified Italy in the year 1861.

Solution: Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia.

Solution: Personification of an abstract idea like freedom or nation through a human figure (e.g., Marianne in France, Germania in Germany).

Solution: Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the diplomatic drive for Italian unification.

Solution: Congress hosted by Duke Metternich to restore conservative monarchies in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

Solution: Cultural movement in Europe focused on emotions, intuition, and folk traditions to foster nationalist sentiment.

Solution: Traditional decentralized handicraft unit operating out of household cottage systems before factories.

Solution: Seth Hukumchand in 1917 at Calcutta.

Solution: A trusted old employee recruited to hire new workers, manage housing, and lend money.

Solution: Bengal Gazette, started by James Augustus Hickey in 1780.

Solution: Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain in 1905, presenting a feminist science-fiction vision.

Solution: Handwritten historical documents created on palm leaves, paper, or vellum before print technology.

Solution: A refined parchment writing surface crafted from animal skin used for luxury manuscripts.

Solution: Rashsundari Debi; it was the first full-length autobiography in the Bengali language.

Solution: Contractual bonded labor system where workers traveled to distant plantations under restrictive terms.

Solution: A carnival in Trinidad where indentured laborers of all races celebrated the Muharram procession together.

Solution: Coalition of developing nations advocating for a New International Economic Order (NIEO).

Solution: Indian nationalist leader who co-founded the Swaraj Party alongside Motilal Nehru in 1923.

Solution: A peasant association set up in 1920 by Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra in Awadh.

Solution: It was written by social reformer Jyotirao Phule in 1871 against caste oppression.

Solution: The art of stylized and decorative handwriting produced by trained scribes.

Solution: Resources that replenish naturally over short timeframes, like solar energy, wind energy, and forests.

Solution: Minerals and fossil fuels that require millions of geological years to form and cannot be renewed easily.

Solution: The denudation and washing away of the topsoil layer by running water, wind, or human activities.

Solution: When water flows as a broad sheet over large areas down a slope, washing away topsoil uniformly.

Solution: Deep channels cut into clayey soil by running water, rendering the land unfit for cultivation (Badlands).

Solution: Planting rows of trees along field borders to break wind speed and prevent soil erosion in arid zones.

Solution: Institutional framework involving local village communities in managing and protecting degraded state forests.

Solution: Forest lands directly managed by government authorities, strictly protected for timber and ecosystem value.

Solution: Forest tracts protected from further depletion, where controlled local fuel wood collection is allowed.

Solution: Forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals/communities, common in NE India.

Solution: The Indian Wild Ass and the Blackbuck.

Solution: Conservation initiative launched in 1973 by the Government of India to protect Bengal tiger populations.

Solution: Method of capturing rain on building roofs and directing it via pipes to storage tanks or recharge pits.

Solution: Constructed on the Mahanadi River in Odisha.

Solution: Built on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand.

Solution: Monsoon cropping season (sown June-July, harvested Sept-Oct). Examples: Paddy, Maize, Cotton.

Solution: Winter cropping season (sown Oct-Dec, harvested April-June). Examples: Wheat, Barley, Mustard.

Solution: Short summer season between Rabi and Kharif crops. Examples: Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber.

Solution: Cool growing season, bright sunshine at ripening, and 50–75 cm of annual rainfall.

Solution: Assam is the leading producer of Tea in India.

Solution: Commercial farming system where a single cash crop is grown over vast land areas using capital (e.g., Tea, Coffee).

Solution: Clay-like mineral ore from which Aluminium is extracted.

Solution: Located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka.

Solution: Non-conventional electricity generated by harnessing oceanic ocean tides using coastal dams.

Solution: Digboi in Assam.

Solution: India's major offshore petroleum production field in the Arabian Sea off Mumbai.

Solution: Public is government owned (BHEL, SAIL); Private is owned by individuals/firms (TISCO, Reliance).

Solution: Industries run jointly by government agencies and private individuals (e.g., Oil India Ltd).

Solution: Discharge of hot water from thermal plants/factories directly into rivers before cooling, harming aquatic life.

Solution: Indore is the primary Software Technology Park in MP.

Solution: Autonomous government body managing development and maintenance of National Highways.

Solution: Strategic road networks in international border areas maintained by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).

Solution: The distance between tracks in Broad Gauge is 1.676 meters.

Solution: Government flagship program to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.

Solution: Foreign exchange generated by international tourists visiting cultural and natural sites, supporting local handicrafts.

Solution: Highly fertile soil deposited by northern rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra); classified into Khadar and Bhangar.

Solution: Khadar is new, fine, more fertile alluvial soil; Bhangar is old, coarser alluvial soil with Kankar nodules.

Solution: Ideal for Cotton cultivation due to high moisture retentive capacity (Regur soil).

Solution: Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) at Nhava Sheva.

Solution: Visakhapatnam Port in Andhra Pradesh.

Solution: Firewood and Petroleum.

Solution: Tarapur (Maharashtra) and Narora (Uttar Pradesh).

Solution: Hazira-Vaidhipur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline connecting gas fields in western India to inland fertilizer plants.

Solution: Cultivation method where strips of grass are left to grow between crops to break the force of wind.

Solution: Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Solution: First International Earth Summit held in Brazil to address global environmental and socioeconomic protection issues.

Solution: Declaration signed at UNCED 1992 to achieve global sustainable development and combat environmental degradation.

Solution: Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest cover.

Solution: Famous forest conservation movement in Uttarakhand Himalayas where villagers hugged trees to stop felling.

Solution: Movement in Tehri, Uttarakhand to conserve traditional crop seeds without synthetic chemical fertilizers.

Solution: Distribution of power among different organs, levels, and social groups of government to maintain political stability.

Solution: Sharing of power among equal organs of government at the same level: Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

Solution: Division of power among different levels of government: Central, State, and Local governments.

Solution: Elected body by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French, German) handling cultural and educational issues.

Solution: Belief that the majority community should rule a country in whichever way it pleases, disregarding minority needs (e.g., Sri Lanka).

Solution: System of government where power is constitutionally divided between a central authority and constituent units.

Solution: Independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger nation (e.g., USA, Australia, Switzerland).

Solution: A large country deciding to divide power between central and state governments (e.g., India, Spain, Belgium).

Solution: Subjects of national importance (Defense, Foreign Policy, Banking) on which only the Central Government makes laws.

Solution: Subjects of state/local interest (Police, Trade, Agriculture) on which State Governments enact laws.

Solution: Subjects of common interest (Education, Forests, Unions) where both Central and State governments can make laws.

Solution: New subjects not mentioned in Union, State, or Concurrent lists (e.g., Computer Software); Union Government makes laws on them.

Solution: Taking power away from Central and State governments and giving it to local government bodies (Panchayats, Municipalities).

Solution: Passed in 1992 to grant constitutional status and mandatory regular elections to Rural Local Self-Government (Panchayati Raj).

Solution: Body consisting of all adult registered voters in a village that oversees Gram Panchayat performance and approves budgets.

Solution: System that values men more and gives them power over women in family and society decisions.

Solution: A belief in equal political, economic, and social rights and opportunities for both women and men.

Solution: Principle that the state has no official religion and accords equal respect and freedom to all faiths.

Solution: Ideology where religion is used to divide society and promote interests of one religious group over others.

Solution: Social ladder ranking system where caste groups are placed from top to bottom based on ritual purity status.

Solution: One-third (33%) of total seats in Panchayats and Municipalities.

Solution: A party that secures at least 6% of valid votes and wins 2 Assembly seats in a specific state election.

Solution: Samajwadi Party (SP) and DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam).

Solution: Strong commitment to a party, faction, or person, preventing a balanced or neutral view on issues.

Solution: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC).

Solution: Constitutional amendment preventing elected MPs/MLAs from changing parties after winning elections.

Solution: Forces political leaders to serve citizens efficiently to avoid losing the next election.

Solution: A loyal social or community group of voters that consistently supports a specific political party.

Solution: Because citizens can evaluate government actions and change rulers through regular, periodic elections.

Solution: Every adult citizen having equal voting power under the principle of 'One Person, One Vote, One Value'.

Solution: Growing influence of money and muscle power in political parties during election campaigns.

Solution: Popular sovereignty; ultimate power resides in the hands of the people.

Solution: The President of India.

Solution: Right granted to all citizens aged 18 and above to vote without discrimination based on gender, caste, or wealth.

Solution: To criticize government failures, question policies, and voice alternative public views in parliament.

Solution: Distribution of administrative and legislative authorities between central and regional/state governments.

Solution: System where all executive and legislative powers are concentrated in a central national government (e.g., UK).

Solution: There are 22 constitutionally recognized official languages in India.

Solution: Accommodative strategy where Hindi is the official language alongside English, without forcing any single language on non-Hindi states.

Solution: The elected political head and presiding officer of an urban Municipal Corporation.

Solution: The official elected head/president of a rural Gram Panchayat executive council.

Solution: Intermediate local governance unit at the block level formed by grouping several Gram Panchayats.

Solution: Apex rural local government body coordinating development across an entire administrative district.

Solution: Hierarchical social division where work is divided between men and women based on social expectations rather than ability.

Solution: Indian law mandating equal wages for men and women performing identical work.

Solution: The migration shift of rural populations moving into cities in search of better jobs and modern living conditions.

Solution: Open process of holding internal organizational elections, maintaining membership registers, and consulting party members.

Solution: Unfair practice where top political party positions are repeatedly passed to family members regardless of merit.

Solution: Mandating financial audits and state funding of elections to curb corporate corruption.

Solution: It guarantees fundamental rights, constitutional equality, and judicial protection for every citizen.

Solution: Average income earned per person in a nation, calculated by dividing National Income by Total Population.

Solution: The total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country's boundaries during a financial year.

Solution: Composite index by UNDP ranking countries based on life expectancy, literacy rate, and per capita income.

Solution: The number of children that die before completing one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.

Solution: The proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.

Solution: Total number of children of age group 14 and 15 attending school as a percentage of total children in the same group.

Solution: Average expected length of life of a newborn based on prevailing health indicators.

Solution: Economic activities involving direct exploitation of natural resources (e.g., Agriculture, Mining, Fishing).

Solution: Economic activities that process raw natural products into manufacturing industrial goods (e.g., Textile, Steel).

Solution: Sector that provides essential services to support production in primary and secondary sectors (e.g., Banking, Transport).

Solution: Situation where more workers are employed in an activity than required; removing extra workers doesn't reduce total output.

Solution: Unemployment occurring when agricultural workers find employment only during peak harvesting or sowing seasons.

Solution: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.

Solution: Organised has registered jobs, fixed hours, and social security; Unorganised lacks job security, contracts, or benefits.

Solution: Sector owned, managed, and funded by government authorities to deliver public welfare services at low cost.

Solution: Sector owned and managed by private individuals or companies driven by profit motives.

Solution: Money acts as an intermediate asset in transactions, eliminating the double coincidence of wants required in barter.

Solution: Barter condition where both trading parties must mutually agree to sell and buy each other's commodities.

Solution: Paper notes and metal coins authorized by a sovereign central government as official legal tender.

Solution: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency on behalf of the central government.

Solution: Bank deposits that depositors can withdraw on demand or transfer via cheque.

Solution: A paper instrument instructing a bank to pay a specific amount from an account holder's balance to a named person.

Solution: An agreement where a lender provides money, goods, or services to a borrower against promised future repayment with interest.

Solution: An asset owned by the borrower (land, house, vehicle, bank deposit) pledged to a lender as a loan guarantee.

Solution: The set combination of interest rate, collateral, required documentation, and mode of repayment for a loan.

Solution: Formal sources (Banks, Cooperatives) are regulated by RBI with low interest; Informal sources (Moneylenders, Relatives) charge high interest.

Solution: Organizations of 15-20 rural poor (mostly women) pooling small savings to offer low-interest micro-loans to members.

Solution: Nobel laureate Prof. Muhammad Yunus in the 1970s.

Solution: A situation where high credit interest forces a borrower to take new loans or sell land to clear old debts, worsening poverty.

Solution: Monitors minimum Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), tracks lending to small farmers, and sets baseline interest rates.

Solution: Import and export exchange of goods and services between different countries across international boundaries.

Solution: Capital invested by foreign corporate firms or MNCs to set up assets or factories in another nation.

Solution: A Multinational Corporation that owns or controls production facilities in more than one nation (e.g., Infosys, Ford).

Solution: Policy of removing government restrictions, import duties, and trade barriers to promote free trade.

Solution: Taxes on imports or quotas used by governments to regulate or limit international trade inflow.

Solution: International agency headquartered in Geneva aiming to liberalize global trade rules among member nations.

Solution: Industrial estate with world-class infrastructure and tax concessions set up to attract foreign direct investment.

Solution: Greater choice of high-quality products at lower competitive prices, improving living standards.

Solution: Hiring external service providers from developing countries (like BPOs in India) to perform business functions at lower costs.

Solution: Educating consumers regarding their legal rights, quality standards (ISI/AGMARK), and remedies against exploitation.

Solution: Consumer Protection Act enacted by Parliament in 1986 establishing special consumer courts for dispute redressal.

Solution: Consumer awareness campaign initiated by the Government of India to inform citizens about consumer rights.

Solution: BIS Hallmark symbol.

Solution: AGMARK.

Solution: District-level consumer court handling consumer claim cases up to a value of ₹1 Crore.

Solution: State Commission handles consumer cases with claim values between ₹1 Crore and ₹10 Crore.

Solution: Apex national consumer court located in New Delhi handling claim values exceeding ₹10 Crore.

Solution: Act enabling citizens to request official records and information from government authorities within 30 days.

Solution: Maximum Retail Price; the statutory highest price a trader can legally charge a consumer for a product.

Solution: World Consumer Rights Day is celebrated internationally every year on March 15th.

Note: Full Question Bank Complete (Questions 1 to 500). All concepts cover CBSE Class 10 Social Science Board Exam syllabus (History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics).

Solution: A system of governance where power is distributed among different organs and levels of government.

Solution: Power shared among different organs at the same level (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary).

Solution: Power shared among governments at different levels (Union, State, Local).

Solution: Dutch (spoken by 59% of the population).

Solution: Brussels.

Solution: Sinhala speaking community (74%).

Solution: Belief that the majority community should rule a country in whichever way it wants.

Solution: System of government in which power is divided between central authority and constituent units.

Solution: 'Coming Together' federation (e.g., USA) and 'Holding Together' federation (e.g., India).

Solution: 22 Scheduled Languages.

Solution: List containing subjects of national importance (Defense, Foreign Affairs, Banking).

Solution: List containing subjects of state and local importance (Police, Trade, Agriculture).

Solution: List containing subjects of common interest to both Centre and State (Education, Forests, Trade Unions).

Solution: Subjects not mentioned in any list (e.g., Computer Software) legislated by Union Government.

Solution: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992.

Solution: Local decision-making council for a village consisting of ward members and a Sarpanch.

Solution: Mayor.

Solution: A state that treats all religions equally and has no official state religion.

Solution: Radical movement aimed at achieving equality for women in personal and public life.

Solution: System that values men more and gives them power over women.

Solution: Belief that religion is the principal basis of social community, often causing conflict.

Solution: Group of people coming together to contest elections and hold power in government.

Solution: Leaders, Active Members, and Followers.

Solution: System where only one party controls government (e.g., Communist Party in China).

Solution: System where power alternates between two main parties (e.g., USA and UK).

Solution: System where several parties compete and form government (e.g., India).

Solution: Government formed by alliance of two or more political parties when no single party gets majority.

Solution: Election Commission of India.

Solution: Party registered with Election Commission that gets unique election symbol and special privileges.

Solution: Changing party allegiance from the party on whose ticket one got elected to another party.

Solution: Signed document submitted to an officer declaring personal details, assets, and legal charges.

Solution: Form of government where supreme power is vested in people and exercised directly or indirectly.

Solution: Government that functions under law and constitution with consent of citizens.

Solution: System where citizens have right and means to examine decision-making processes.

Solution: Obligation of government to answer citizens for actions and decisions taken.

Solution: Right of all adult citizens (above 18) to vote regardless of caste, sex, or income.

Solution: Act passed in 2005 enabling citizens to seek information from public authorities.

Solution: Form of government ruled by single ruler or group with absolute power without public mandate.

Solution: Organization that seeks to influence government policy without contesting elections.

Solution: Group promoting collective well-being rather than selective selective interests.

Solution: Group advancing interest of specific section like trade unions or professional bodies.

Solution: Movement focused on achieving one specific objective within short timeframe.

Solution: Prejudice or discrimination based on social hierarchical caste system.

Solution: Hierarchical social division based on social expectations rather than biology.

Solution: Law ensuring equal wages for equal work regardless of gender.

Solution: 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.

Solution: Population shift from rural to urban areas leading to city expansion.

Solution: Social ladder where groups are placed from top to bottom based on ritual purity.

Solution: C. N. Annadurai.

Solution: Regular organisational elections and transparent decision processes within party ranks.

Solution: Practice where top political party positions are controlled by members of one family.

Solution: Principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under law.

Solution: The President of India.

Solution: The Prime Minister of India.

Solution: Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Solution: Vice-President of India (Ex-officio Chairman).

Solution: Power of Judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional executive actions or laws.

Solution: Public Interest Litigation filed in court for protection of public interest.

Solution: Supreme Court and High Courts.

Solution: 6 Fundamental Rights.

Solution: Articles 14 to 18.

Solution: Articles 19 to 22.

Solution: Article 17.

Solution: 11 Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).

Solution: Guidelines in Part IV of Constitution directing state to establish social/economic democracy.

Solution: Introductory statement outlining philosophy and objectives of the Constitution.

Solution: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Solution: Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Solution: 26th November 1949.

Solution: 26th January 1950.

Solution: Parliament with two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).

Solution: State legislature having only one house (Legislative Assembly).

Solution: 5 Years.

Solution: Yes, it cannot be dissolved; 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.

Solution: 6 Years.

Solution: 35 Years.

Solution: 25 Years (if Lok Sabha member).

Solution: 'None Of The Above' option on EVM enabling voters to reject all candidates.

Solution: Electronic Voting Machine.

Solution: Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail.

Solution: President of India.

Solution: Set of guidelines issued by Election Commission to be followed by parties during elections.

Solution: Resolving social differences peacefully through dialogue and accommodation.

Solution: Reform movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. (1954-1968) to abolish racial discrimination against African-Americans.

Solution: Militant anti-racist movement in USA (1966-1975) advocating equality by force if needed.

Solution: Mexico City.

Solution: Peter Norman (Australian sprinter).

Solution: Social differences that combine with others making social divisions deep and dangerous.

Solution: Differences that cancel out each other, making accommodation easier.

Solution: Society with similar ethnic/cultural background with no deep social divisions (e.g., Germany, Sweden).

Solution: FEDECOR alliance against water privatization.

Solution: Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation against caste discrimination.

Solution: Specific-issue movement evolved into broader development movement.

Solution: Equal political rights and equal weight per vote for all citizens.

Solution: Unequal distribution of wealth, income, and economic opportunities in society.

Solution: Decisions are widely accepted and effective because they follow consultation.

Solution: Citizen participation and periodic free and fair elections.

Solution: Money power, casteism, and corruption in politics.

Solution: Applying democratic principles across all regions, institutions, and social groups.

Solution: Strengthening institutions and practices that facilitate people's participation.

Solution: Comprehensive process improving quality of life, living standards, income, and social well-being.

Solution: Total income of a country divided by its total population (Average Income).

Solution: The World Bank.

Solution: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Solution: Human Development Index assessing health, education, and standard of living.

Solution: Number of children dying before age of 1 per 1,000 live births in a year.

Solution: Proportion of literate population in 7 and above age group.

Solution: Total number of children (age 14-15) attending school as percentage of same age group.

Solution: Weight in kg divided by square of height in meters to evaluate nutritional status.

Solution: Economic growth meeting present needs without destroying capability of future generations.

Solution: Activities exploiting natural resources directly (Agriculture, Forestry, Mining).

Solution: Activities where natural products are transformed into manufactured goods (Industries, Factories).

Solution: Activities providing support services to primary and secondary sectors (Transport, Banking, IT).

Solution: Total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year.

Solution: Goods ready for ultimate consumption that do not undergo further processing.

Solution: Goods used as inputs in producing final goods (e.g., Flour used by bakery).

Solution: Situation where more workers are employed than required; marginal productivity is zero.

Solution: Sector registered with government, providing job security, fixed hours, and benefits.

Solution: Small, scattered units outside government control with low wages and no job security.

Solution: Enterprises owned, managed, and controlled by government to serve public (e.g., Railways).

Solution: Enterprises owned and managed by private individuals aimed at earning profit (e.g., TATA, Reliance).

Solution: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.

Solution: 100 days guaranteed wage employment in a year to rural households.

Solution: Anything legally accepted as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.

Solution: Direct exchange of goods for goods without using money.

Solution: Situation where both parties agree to sell and buy each other's commodities in Barter system.

Solution: Paper notes and coins authorized by central bank, having no intrinsic value of their own.

Solution: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of Central Government.

Solution: Bank deposits that can be withdrawn by account holder on demand.

Solution: Paper instructing bank to pay specific amount from drawer's account to person named.

Solution: Agreement where lender supplies borrower with money, goods, or services in promise of future repayment.

Solution: Asset owned by borrower (land, house, vehicle) pledged as security to lender until loan is repaid.

Solution: Banks and Cooperatives regulated by RBI offering low interest rates.

Solution: Moneylenders, traders, relatives, and friends outside regulatory oversight charging high interest rates.

Solution: Situation where borrower falls into cycle of taking new loans to repay old debts.

Solution: Self-Help Group consisting of 15-20 members pooling small savings to lend micro-loans to each other.

Solution: Professor Muhammad Yunus (Nobel Peace Prize winner).

Solution: Process of rapid integration and inter-connection between economies worldwide.

Solution: Multinational Corporation owning or controlling production in more than one nation.

Solution: Investment made by MNCs or foreign entities in domestic companies or assets.

Solution: Import and export of goods and services between different countries.

Solution: Restrictions imposed by government on international trade (e.g., Import Tax, Import Quota).

Solution: Removing government restrictions and trade barriers to promote free economic flow.

Solution: July 1991.

Solution: World Trade Organization (headquartered in Geneva).

Solution: Special Economic Zone with world-class infrastructure and tax exemptions to attract foreign investment.

Solution: Rapid advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

Solution: Person who purchases goods or services for personal use.

Solution: 15th March.

Solution: 24th December.

Solution: Consumer Protection Act passed by Indian Parliament in 1986.

Solution: District Consumer Forum, State Commission, National Commission.

Solution: Certification mark for industrial and consumer electrical products in India by BIS.

Solution: Certification mark assuring quality standard for agricultural products in India.

Solution: Official mark guaranteeing purity of gold and silver jewelry.

Solution: Right to be protected against goods and services hazardous to life and property.

Solution: Right to be informed about ingredients, price, quantity, batch number, and expiry date.

Solution: Right to seek compensation against unfair trade practices or exploitation.

Solution: "Jago Grahak Jago".

Solution: Public Distribution System distributing subsidized food grains via fair price shops (ration shops).

Solution: Pre-declared guaranteed price at which government purchases crops directly from farmers.

Solution: Stock of food grains (wheat and rice) procured by FCI to maintain food security.

Solution: Food Corporation of India.

Solution: Rapid rise in agricultural production during late 1960s using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.

Solution: M. S. Swaminathan.

Solution: Movement to increase milk output and dairy production in India led by Dr. Verghese Kurien.

Solution: Dr. Verghese Kurien (Amul founder).

Solution: General increase in prices and fall in purchasing power of money over time.

Solution: Continuous decline in general price level of goods and services.

Solution: Government policy regarding public revenue (taxation) and public expenditure.

Solution: Central bank (RBI) strategy to manage money supply and interest rates in economy.

Solution: Interest rate at which Reserve Bank of India lends short-term money to commercial banks.

Solution: Rate at which RBI borrows short-term funds from commercial banks.

Solution: National Institution for Transforming India (established 1st Jan 2015).

Solution: The Prime Minister of India.

Solution: NITI Aayog.

Solution: Tax levied directly on individual income or profits (e.g., Income Tax, Corporate Tax).

Solution: Tax collected on goods and services paid indirectly by final consumers (e.g., GST).

Solution: Goods and Services Tax; launched in India on 1st July 2017.

Solution: Financial services (small loans, savings) provided to low-income individuals or groups.

Solution: Support facilities like transport, communication, energy, and banking required for economic production.

Solution: Institutions like schools, universities, hospitals, and housing that foster human development.

Solution: Stock of skill, education, technical knowledge, and expertise embodied in a population.

Solution: Process of acquiring and increasing the number of educated, trained, and skilled workers.

Solution: Emigration of highly skilled and educated professionals to other countries for better opportunities.

Solution: Minimum income level deemed necessary to achieve basic adequate standard of living in a country.

Solution: 2,400 calories per person per day.

Solution: 2,100 calories per person per day.

Solution: Percentage of population living below the official poverty line.

Solution: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (established 1982).

Solution: Price of one country's currency expressed in terms of another country's currency.

Solution: Assets held on reserve by central bank in foreign currencies (e.g., US Dollars).

Solution: Deliberate downward adjustment of official value of domestic currency relative to foreign currencies.

Solution: Supplementary international reserve asset created by International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Solution: International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.).

Solution: Continuous movement of money and payments for production between households and firms.

Solution: Loss of value of physical capital assets over time due to wear and tear.

Solution: Gross Domestic Product minus Depreciation ($NDP = GDP - Depreciation$).

Solution: Value of the next best alternative foregone when making a choice.

Solution: Microeconomics studies individual consumers/firms; Macroeconomics studies the whole national economy.

Solution: $6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$ in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

Solution: Mitochondria.

Solution: Lysosomes.

Solution: Ampere (A).

Solution: Volt (V).

Solution: Voltage $V$ across a conductor is directly proportional to current $I$ passing through it ($V = IR$).

Solution: Ohm ($\Omega$).

Solution: 7 (Neutral).

Solution: $NaHCO_3$ (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate).

Solution: $Na_2CO_3 \cdot 10H_2O$ (Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate).

Solution: $CaSO_4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}H_2O$ (Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate).

Solution: $CaSO_4 \cdot 2H_2O$.

Solution: Mercury (Hg).

Solution: Bromine (Br).

Solution: Ore of Mercury ($HgS$).

Solution: Primary ore of Aluminium ($Al_2O_3 \cdot 2H_2O$).

Solution: Process of coating iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc to prevent rusting.

Solution: Forming thick protective oxide layer on aluminium to resist corrosion.

Solution: Graphite (allotrope of Carbon).

Solution: Diamond (allotrope of Carbon).

Solution: $-OH$ group.

Solution: $-CHO$ group.

Solution: $-COOH$ group.

Solution: Chemical reaction converting esters into soap and alcohol in presence of alkali.

Solution: Reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol in presence of acid catalyst to form sweet-smelling ester.

Solution: Methanoic Acid (Formic Acid).

Solution: Citric Acid.

Solution: Acetic Acid (Ethanoic Acid).

Solution: Lactic Acid.

Solution: Tartaric Acid.

Solution: Bending of light ray when passing obliquely from one transparent medium to another.

Solution: $\frac{\sin i}{\sin r} = \text{constant} (\mu)$, ratio of sine of incident angle to sine of refracted angle.

Solution: $f = \frac{R}{2}$, focal length equals half of radius of curvature.

Solution: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}$.

Solution: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}$.

Solution: Dioptre (D). $P = \frac{1}{f(\text{in meters})}$.

Solution: Convex Mirror (provides wider field of view and erect image).

Solution: Concave Mirror (forms magnified image when object is close).

Solution: Defect where nearby objects are clear but distant objects appear blurry; corrected using Concave lens.

Solution: Defect where distant objects are clear but near objects appear blurry; corrected using Convex lens.

Solution: Age-related loss of accommodation power of eye lens; corrected using Bifocal lens.

Solution: Splitting of white light into constituent 7 spectrum colors when passing through a glass prism.

Solution: Violet light (shortest wavelength).

Solution: Red light (longest wavelength).

Solution: Atmospheric refraction of starlight due to changing atmospheric density.

Solution: Scattering of light beam by tiny colloidal particles in a medium.

Solution: Short blue wavelengths are scattered more strongly by fine air molecules in atmosphere.

Solution: Determining direction of magnetic force acting on current-carrying conductor in electric motor.

Solution: Determining direction of induced current in electric generator.

Solution: Long cylindrical coil of insulated copper wire wound tightly in shape of cylinder.

Solution: Alloy of Tin and Lead having low melting point.

Solution: Red or Brown.

Solution: Black or Blue.

Solution: Green or Yellow.

Solution: Sudden surge in current when live wire comes into direct contact with neutral wire.

Solution: Excessive current draw when too many appliances are connected to single socket.

Solution: Each step or level in a food chain where energy transfer occurs.

Solution: Proposed by Raymond Lindeman; only 10% energy is transferred to next trophic level.

Solution: Progressive accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals at successive trophic levels in food chain.

Solution: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Solution: Freeze CFC production at 1986 levels across countries.

Solution: Vegetable peels, paper, wood, cow dung.

Solution: Plastic bags, DDT, glass bottles, heavy metal objects.

Solution: Break down complex organic matter into simple inorganic nutrients (e.g., Bacteria, Fungi).

Solution: Thyroxin (regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism).

Solution: Iodine.

Solution: Insulin (secreted by Pancreas).

Solution: Adrenaline (secreted by Adrenal Glands during fight or flight).

Solution: Pituitary Gland.

Solution: Neural pathway controlling rapid involuntary response (reflex action) to stimulus.

Solution: Neuron.

Solution: Nephron.

Solution: Microscopic gap between terminal nerve end of one neuron and dendrite of next neuron.

Solution: Asexual reproduction where parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells (e.g., Amoeba).

Solution: Parent organism divides into many daughter cells simultaneously (e.g., Plasmodium).

Solution: Asexual reproduction where outgrowth forms on parent body and detaches (e.g., Hydra, Yeast).

Solution: Production of new plants from vegetative parts like stem, root, or leaf (e.g., Bryophyllum).

Solution: Stamen (Anther and Filament).

Solution: Carpel / Pistil (Stigma, Style, and Ovary).

Solution: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of flower.

Solution: Specialized tissue embedded in uterine wall providing nutrition and oxygen to embryo.

Solution: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Solution: Gregor Johann Mendel.

Solution: Garden Pea plant (Pisum sativum).

Solution: 3 : 1 ratio.

Solution: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio.

Solution: 23 pairs (46 chromosomes).

Solution: XY combination.

Solution: XX combination.

Solution: Charles Darwin (book: 'Origin of Species').

Solution: Organs having same basic structure but different functions (e.g., Forelimbs of Frog and Human).

Solution: Organs having different origin structure but performing similar function (e.g., Wings of bird and bat).

Solution: Preserved dead remains or impressions of ancient organisms found in deep earth layers.

Solution: Estimating age of organic fossils by measuring decay ratio of Carbon-14 isotope.

Solution: Process where new distinct biological species evolve from existing population.

Solution: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) containing Hemoglobin.

Solution: Blood Platelets.

Solution: Pulmonary Vein.

Solution: Pulmonary Artery.

Solution: 120/80 mmHg (Systolic/Diastolic).

Solution: Bhopal.

Solution: Banyan Tree (Baragd).

Solution: Swamp Deer (Barasingha).

Solution: Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Dudhraj / Shah Bulbul).

Solution: Mahseer.

Solution: Narmada River.

Solution: Amarkantak in Anuppur district.

Solution: Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh.

Solution: Chandela Rulers between 950 AD and 1050 AD.

Solution: Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh.

Solution: Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 3rd century BCE.

Solution: Raisen district, MP (famous for prehistoric cave paintings).

Solution: Dr. Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar in 1957.

Solution: Gwalior (Gwalior Fort called 'Gibraltar of India').

Solution: Mandla and Balaghat districts of MP.

Solution: Bandhavgarh National Park (Umaria district).

Solution: Kuno National Park, Sheopur district, MP.

Solution: Pachmarhi (Narmadapuram district).

Solution: Dhupgarh peak (1,350 m) in Pachmarhi.

Solution: Narmada River in Jabalpur.

Solution: Principal seat in Jabalpur; Benches in Indore and Gwalior.

Solution: Indore.

Solution: Indore.

Solution: Ujjain on banks of Shipra river.

Solution: Every 12 years.

Solution: Narmada River (Khandwa district).

Solution: Raja Bhoj.

Solution: Garha-Katanga (Gondwana region, Jabalpur).

Solution: Maheshwar (Holkar dynasty).

Solution: Panna district (Majhgawan mine).

Solution: Malanjkhand in Balaghat district.

Solution: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Solution: National Park and Zoological space situated on banks of Upper Lake.

Solution: Kathi and Gangaur.

Solution: Mach (State drama of MP).

Solution: Malkhamb (declared in 2013).

Solution: Bhopal.

Solution: NH-44 (North-South Corridor).

Solution: Bhopal.

Solution: Indore.

Solution: International Organization for Standardization.

Solution: Uniform Resource Locator.

Solution: HyperText Transfer Protocol.

Solution: HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure.

Solution: Internet Protocol address identifying device on network.

Solution: Structured Query Language.

Solution: Database Management System (software to store and manipulate data).

Solution: Uniquely identifies each record row in a database table without duplicate or NULL values.

Solution: Column that links primary key of another table to establish relationship between tables.

Solution: ALTER TABLE statement (e.g., ALTER TABLE old_name RENAME TO new_name;).

Solution: INSERT INTO statement.

Solution: SELECT statement.

Solution: Search Engine Optimization - process of improving website visibility in search engines.

Solution: Design approach ensuring webpages adapt automatically to desktop, tablet, and mobile screens.

Solution: <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> for mobile responsiveness.

Solution: HyperText Markup Language used for structuring web pages.

Solution: Cascading Style Sheets used for styling layout and visual appearance of web pages.

Solution: Programming language used to add interactive dynamic behavior to web pages.

Solution: JavaScript Object Notation - lightweight data-interchange format.

Solution: Application Programming Interface enabling communication between different software systems.

Solution: Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

Solution: Random Access Memory - volatile main memory for active computer tasks.

Solution: Read Only Memory - non-volatile memory storing permanent system boot code.

Solution: Central Processing Unit - brain of computer executing calculations and instructions.

Solution: 1,024 Bytes.

Solution: 1,024 MB.

Solution: Artificial Intelligence.

Solution: Portable Document Format.

Solution: Subscriber Identity Module.

Solution: One-Time Password.

Solution: 12-digit unique identification number issued by UIDAI.

Solution: Unique Identification Authority of India.

Solution: Permanent Account Number (10-digit alphanumeric code).

Solution: Indian Financial System Code (11-character code).

Solution: Unified Payments Interface developed by NPCI.

Solution: National Payments Corporation of India.

Solution: Electronic Know Your Customer - biometric or OTP based digital identity verification.

Solution: Unified State Welfare Identification Number for family and individual citizen service delivery.

Solution: Authorized e-Governance kiosk portal delivering citizen services in Madhya Pradesh.

Solution: Computer Proficiency Certification Test conducted by MPSEDC.

Solution: Celebrated on 12th January (Birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda).

Solution: 28th February (commemorating discovery of Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman).

Solution: 5th June.

Solution: 8th March.

Solution: 5th September (Birth anniversary of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan).

Solution: 26th November.

Solution: Aryabhata (launched on 19th April 1975).

Solution: Indian Space Research Organisation (headquartered in Bengaluru).

Solution: Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

Solution: Chandrayaan-3 (Landed on 23rd August 2023 - Shiv Shakti Point).

Solution: 23rd August (marking successful landing of Chandrayaan-3).

Solution: Aditya-L1.

Solution: Rakesh Sharma (1984 aboard Soyuz T-11).

Solution: Kalpana Chawla (1997 aboard Space Shuttle Columbia).

Solution: Bharat Ratna.

Solution: Param Vir Chakra.

Solution: Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award.

Solution: Jnanpith Award.

Solution: Satyameva Jayate ("Truth Alone Triumphs") from Mundaka Upanishad.

Solution: Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore.