🧪 Carbon and Its Compounds
Introduction, Occurrence and Importance of Carbon
Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive Level
🧬 Carbon — Introduction, Occurrence & Importance
1. Introduction to Carbon | कार्बन का परिचय
English:
Carbon is one of the most important elements found in nature. It is a non-metal with atomic number 6 and symbol C. Carbon is present in living organisms as well as in many non-living substances. It forms a very large number of compounds because of its special properties such as tetravalency and catenation.
हिन्दी:
कार्बन प्रकृति में पाए जाने वाले सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तत्वों में से एक है। यह एक अधातु है जिसका परमाणु क्रमांक 6 तथा प्रतीक C है। कार्बन जीवित प्राणियों तथा अनेक निर्जीव पदार्थों में पाया जाता है। इसकी चतुसंयोजकता (Tetravalency) तथा शृंखलन (Catenation) जैसी विशेषताओं के कारण यह बहुत बड़ी संख्या में यौगिक बनाता है।
Carbon is one of the most important elements found in nature. It is a non-metal with atomic number 6 and symbol C. Carbon is present in living organisms as well as in many non-living substances. It forms a very large number of compounds because of its special properties such as tetravalency and catenation.
हिन्दी:
कार्बन प्रकृति में पाए जाने वाले सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तत्वों में से एक है। यह एक अधातु है जिसका परमाणु क्रमांक 6 तथा प्रतीक C है। कार्बन जीवित प्राणियों तथा अनेक निर्जीव पदार्थों में पाया जाता है। इसकी चतुसंयोजकता (Tetravalency) तथा शृंखलन (Catenation) जैसी विशेषताओं के कारण यह बहुत बड़ी संख्या में यौगिक बनाता है।
2. Position of Carbon in the Periodic Table | आवर्त सारणी में कार्बन की स्थिति
| Property / गुण | Carbon / कार्बन |
|---|---|
| Symbol / प्रतीक | C |
| Atomic Number / परमाणु क्रमांक | 6 |
| Electronic Configuration / इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास | 2, 4 |
| Valence Electrons / संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन | 4 |
| Group / समूह | 14 |
| Period / आवर्त | 2 |
| Nature / प्रकृति | Non-metal / अधातु |
3. Electronic Configuration of Carbon | कार्बन का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास
Carbon has atomic number 6.
Therefore, a neutral carbon atom has six electrons.
Electronic configuration:
हिन्दी:
कार्बन का परमाणु क्रमांक 6 है। इसलिए उदासीन कार्बन परमाणु में 6 इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं। इसका इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास:
Electronic configuration:
K-shell = 2 L-shell = 4
Thus:
Carbon = 2, 4
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell. It therefore tends to form four covalent bonds to achieve a stable electronic configuration.
हिन्दी:
कार्बन का परमाणु क्रमांक 6 है। इसलिए उदासीन कार्बन परमाणु में 6 इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं। इसका इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास:
2, 4
बाह्यतम कोश में 4 इलेक्ट्रॉन होने के कारण कार्बन सामान्यतः चार सहसंयोजक बंध बनाता है।
4. Occurrence of Carbon | कार्बन की उपस्थिति
Carbon occurs in both free state and combined state.
1. Free State | मुक्त अवस्था Carbon occurs in different forms such as:
2. Combined State | संयुक्त अवस्था Carbon is found in:
कार्बन मुक्त तथा संयुक्त दोनों अवस्थाओं में पाया जाता है। मुक्त अवस्था में हीरा, ग्रेफाइट तथा फुलरीन इसके प्रमुख रूप हैं। संयुक्त अवस्था में यह वायु के CO₂, कार्बोनेट, कोयला, पेट्रोलियम, प्राकृतिक गैस तथा जीवित जीवों के कार्बनिक यौगिकों में पाया जाता है।
1. Free State | मुक्त अवस्था Carbon occurs in different forms such as:
- Diamond — हीरा
- Graphite — ग्रेफाइट
- Fullerenes — फुलरीन
2. Combined State | संयुक्त अवस्था Carbon is found in:
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) in air
- Carbonates such as calcium carbonate
- Hydrocarbons such as methane
- Coal and petroleum
- Organic compounds present in living organisms
कार्बन मुक्त तथा संयुक्त दोनों अवस्थाओं में पाया जाता है। मुक्त अवस्था में हीरा, ग्रेफाइट तथा फुलरीन इसके प्रमुख रूप हैं। संयुक्त अवस्था में यह वायु के CO₂, कार्बोनेट, कोयला, पेट्रोलियम, प्राकृतिक गैस तथा जीवित जीवों के कार्बनिक यौगिकों में पाया जाता है।
5. Carbon in Living Organisms | जीवित प्राणियों में कार्बन
Carbon is a fundamental element of life.
It is present in major biological molecules such as:
हिन्दी:
कार्बन जीवन के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है। यह कार्बोहाइड्रेट, प्रोटीन, वसा, DNA, RNA तथा विटामिन जैसे प्रमुख जैविक अणुओं में पाया जाता है।
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats
- DNA and RNA
- Vitamins
हिन्दी:
कार्बन जीवन के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है। यह कार्बोहाइड्रेट, प्रोटीन, वसा, DNA, RNA तथा विटामिन जैसे प्रमुख जैविक अणुओं में पाया जाता है।
6. Carbon in the Atmosphere | वायुमंडल में कार्बन
The atmosphere contains carbon mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to prepare food.
वायुमंडल में कार्बन मुख्यतः कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड (CO₂) के रूप में पाया जाता है। हरे पौधे प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान CO₂ का उपयोग करके भोजन बनाते हैं।
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
हिन्दी:वायुमंडल में कार्बन मुख्यतः कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड (CO₂) के रूप में पाया जाता है। हरे पौधे प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान CO₂ का उपयोग करके भोजन बनाते हैं।
7. Carbon in Earth's Crust | पृथ्वी की भूपर्पटी में कार्बन
Carbon occurs in the Earth's crust mainly in the form of:
पृथ्वी की भूपर्पटी में कार्बन मुख्यतः कार्बोनेट, कोयला, पेट्रोलियम तथा प्राकृतिक गैस के रूप में पाया जाता है। चूना पत्थर का प्रमुख घटक कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट है।
- Carbonates
- Coal
- Petroleum
- Natural gas
- Minerals containing carbon
CaCO₃ → Calcium Carbonate
हिन्दी:पृथ्वी की भूपर्पटी में कार्बन मुख्यतः कार्बोनेट, कोयला, पेट्रोलियम तथा प्राकृतिक गैस के रूप में पाया जाता है। चूना पत्थर का प्रमुख घटक कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट है।
8. Importance of Carbon | कार्बन का महत्व
Carbon is important because:
- It is the basic element of organic compounds.
- It is essential for life.
- It forms carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
- It is present in fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
- It is used in many industrial products.
- Carbon compounds are used as medicines, polymers, dyes and detergents.
- Diamond is used for cutting and polishing.
- Graphite is used in electrodes and pencils.
- यह कार्बनिक यौगिकों का आधार है।
- जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है।
- कार्बोहाइड्रेट, प्रोटीन और वसा में पाया जाता है।
- कोयला, पेट्रोलियम तथा प्राकृतिक गैस जैसे ईंधनों में पाया जाता है।
- औद्योगिक उत्पादों में उपयोग होता है।
- दवाइयों, पॉलिमर, रंगों तथा डिटर्जेंट में कार्बन यौगिक उपयोगी हैं।
- हीरे का उपयोग काटने और पॉलिश करने में होता है।
- ग्रेफाइट का उपयोग इलेक्ट्रोड तथा पेंसिल में होता है।
9. Why is Carbon So Important? | कार्बन इतना महत्वपूर्ण क्यों है?
Carbon is special mainly because of two properties:
① Tetravalency | चतुसंयोजकता
Carbon has four valence electrons and can form four covalent bonds.② Catenation | शृंखलन
Carbon atoms can bond with one another to form long chains, branched chains and rings.
C — C — C — C — C
Because of these properties, carbon forms an enormous number of compounds.
10. Carbon and Fuels | कार्बन और ईंधन
Many important fuels contain carbon.
Examples:
हिन्दी:
अनेक महत्वपूर्ण ईंधनों में कार्बन पाया जाता है। जैसे कोयला, पेट्रोल, डीजल, CNG, LPG तथा प्राकृतिक गैस। कार्बन और हाइड्रोजन से बने यौगिकों को हाइड्रोकार्बन कहते हैं।
- Coal
- Petrol
- Diesel
- CNG
- LPG
- Natural Gas
हिन्दी:
अनेक महत्वपूर्ण ईंधनों में कार्बन पाया जाता है। जैसे कोयला, पेट्रोल, डीजल, CNG, LPG तथा प्राकृतिक गैस। कार्बन और हाइड्रोजन से बने यौगिकों को हाइड्रोकार्बन कहते हैं।
11. Important Forms of Carbon | कार्बन के महत्वपूर्ण रूप
| Form / रूप | Important Property / प्रमुख गुण | Use / उपयोग |
|---|---|---|
| Diamond / हीरा | Very hard / अत्यंत कठोर | Cutting, jewellery / काटने, आभूषण |
| Graphite / ग्रेफाइट | Soft and conducts electricity / मुलायम एवं विद्युत का चालक | Pencils, electrodes / पेंसिल, इलेक्ट्रोड |
| Fullerene / फुलरीन | Molecular form of carbon / कार्बन का आणविक रूप | Research and nanotechnology / अनुसंधान एवं नैनोप्रौद्योगिकी |
12. Quick Concept Summary | त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
Remember:
- Carbon symbol = C
- Atomic number = 6
- Electronic configuration = 2,4
- Valence electrons = 4
- Group = 14
- Period = 2
- Carbon is a non-metal.
- Carbon shows tetravalency.
- Carbon shows catenation.
- Carbon is present in living organisms.
- CO₂ is an important carbon-containing compound in the atmosphere.
- Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
13. MCQs — 30 Questions | बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न
1. What is the atomic number of carbon?
कार्बन का परमाणु क्रमांक क्या है?
कार्बन का परमाणु क्रमांक क्या है?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
Answer: B) 6
2. What is the symbol of carbon?
कार्बन का प्रतीक क्या है?
कार्बन का प्रतीक क्या है?
A) Ca
B) Co
C) C
D) Cr
Answer: C) C
3. The electronic configuration of carbon is:
कार्बन का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास है:
कार्बन का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक विन्यास है:
A) 2,4
B) 2,6
C) 4,2
D) 2,8
Answer: A) 2,4
4. Carbon belongs to which group?
कार्बन किस समूह का तत्व है?
कार्बन किस समूह का तत्व है?
A) Group 1
B) Group 14
C) Group 17
D) Group 18
Answer: B) Group 14
5. Carbon is a:
कार्बन एक है:
कार्बन एक है:
A) Metal
B) Metalloid
C) Noble gas
D) Non-metal
Answer: D) Non-metal
6. How many valence electrons does carbon have?
कार्बन में कितने संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं?
कार्बन में कितने संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
Answer: C) 4
7. Which property allows carbon to form long chains?
कौन-सा गुण कार्बन को लंबी शृंखलाएँ बनाने में सक्षम बनाता है?
कौन-सा गुण कार्बन को लंबी शृंखलाएँ बनाने में सक्षम बनाता है?
A) Catenation
B) Ionisation
C) Sublimation
D) Reduction
Answer: A) Catenation
8. Which is an allotrope of carbon?
निम्न में से कार्बन का अपररूप कौन-सा है?
निम्न में से कार्बन का अपररूप कौन-सा है?
A) Sodium
B) Diamond
C) Calcium
D) Sulphuric acid
Answer: B) Diamond
9. Which form of carbon conducts electricity?
कार्बन का कौन-सा रूप विद्युत का चालक है?
कार्बन का कौन-सा रूप विद्युत का चालक है?
A) Diamond
B) Graphite
C) Fullerene only
D) Coal only
Answer: B) Graphite
10. Which form of carbon is extremely hard?
कार्बन का कौन-सा रूप अत्यंत कठोर है?
कार्बन का कौन-सा रूप अत्यंत कठोर है?
A) Graphite
B) Coal
C) Diamond
D) Coke
Answer: C) Diamond
11. Carbon dioxide is mainly present in:
कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड मुख्यतः कहाँ पाई जाती है?
कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड मुख्यतः कहाँ पाई जाती है?
A) Atmosphere
B) Pure metals
C) Table salt
D) Mercury
Answer: A) Atmosphere
12. Which process uses carbon dioxide?
कौन-सी प्रक्रिया कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड का उपयोग करती है?
कौन-सी प्रक्रिया कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड का उपयोग करती है?
A) Respiration
B) Photosynthesis
C) Rusting
D) Melting
Answer: B) Photosynthesis
13. Which molecule is produced during photosynthesis?
A) Glucose
B) Sodium chloride
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Calcium oxide
Answer: A) Glucose
14. Carbon is an essential element of:
A) Only rocks
B) Living organisms
C) Only metals
D) Only water
Answer: B) Living organisms
15. Which of the following contains carbon?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Fats
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
16. Carbon occurs in the Earth's crust in the form of:
A) Carbonates
B) Only oxygen
C) Only nitrogen
D) Only hydrogen
Answer: A) Carbonates
17. The main component of limestone is:
A) NaCl
B) CaCO₃
C) H₂O
D) CO
Answer: B) CaCO₃
18. Hydrocarbons contain:
A) Carbon and oxygen
B) Hydrogen and oxygen
C) Carbon and hydrogen
D) Carbon and nitrogen
Answer: C) Carbon and hydrogen
19. Which is a carbon-rich fuel?
A) Coal
B) Water
C) Oxygen
D) Sodium chloride
Answer: A) Coal
20. Carbon forms a large number of compounds mainly because of:
A) Tetravalency and catenation
B) High density only
C) Metallic nature
D) Radioactivity
Answer: A) Tetravalency and catenation
21. The valency of carbon is:
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
Answer: C) 4
22. Which is NOT an allotrope of carbon?
A) Diamond
B) Graphite
C) Fullerene
D) Calcium carbonate
Answer: D) Calcium carbonate
23. Which carbon allotrope is used in pencils?
A) Diamond
B) Graphite
C) Fullerene
D) Coal
Answer: B) Graphite
24. Carbon has how many electrons in its outermost shell?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: B) 4
25. Which gas is an important carbon-containing atmospheric gas?
A) CO₂
B) O₂
C) N₂
D) H₂
Answer: A) CO₂
26. Which of the following is a biological molecule containing carbon?
A) Protein
B) Sodium metal
C) Copper
D) Silver
Answer: A) Protein
27. Carbon is located in which period?
A) Period 1
B) Period 2
C) Period 3
D) Period 4
Answer: B) Period 2
28. Which property means the ability of carbon to bond with itself?
A) Tetravalency
B) Catenation
C) Oxidation
D) Neutralisation
Answer: B) Catenation
29. Which substance is mainly calcium carbonate?
A) Limestone
B) Petrol
C) CNG
D) Graphite
Answer: A) Limestone
30. Carbon is important for life because it:
A) Forms many biological compounds
B) Is a noble gas
C) Cannot form bonds
D) Is highly radioactive
Answer: A) Forms many biological compounds
14. Subjective Questions — 30 Questions | वर्णनात्मक प्रश्न
1 Mark
1. What is carbon?
Carbon is a non-metallic element with atomic number 6 and symbol C.
हिन्दी: कार्बन परमाणु क्रमांक 6 वाला अधात्विक तत्व है।
हिन्दी: कार्बन परमाणु क्रमांक 6 वाला अधात्विक तत्व है।
1 Mark
2. Write the atomic number of carbon.
Atomic number = 6.
1 Mark
3. Write the electronic configuration of carbon.
Electronic configuration = 2,4.
1 Mark
4. Name two allotropes of carbon.
Diamond and graphite.
1 Mark
5. What is the valency of carbon?
The valency of carbon is 4.
2 Marks
6. Where is carbon found in nature?
Carbon is found in free and combined states. In free state it occurs as diamond, graphite and fullerene. In combined state it occurs in carbon dioxide, carbonates, coal, petroleum and organic compounds.
2 Marks
7. Why is carbon important for living organisms?
Carbon forms important biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, DNA and RNA. Therefore, it is essential for life.
2 Marks
8. What are allotropes of carbon?
Different structural forms of the same element having different physical properties are called allotropes. Diamond, graphite and fullerene are allotropes of carbon.
2 Marks
9. Write two uses of graphite.
1. It is used in pencils.
2. It is used for making electrodes because it conducts electricity.
2. It is used for making electrodes because it conducts electricity.
2 Marks
10. Write two uses of diamond.
Diamond is used in jewellery and for cutting/glass-polishing because it is extremely hard.
3 Marks
11. Explain the occurrence of carbon.
Carbon occurs:
1. In free state as diamond, graphite and fullerene.
2. In atmosphere mainly as CO₂.
3. In Earth's crust as carbonates, coal, petroleum and natural gas.
1. In free state as diamond, graphite and fullerene.
2. In atmosphere mainly as CO₂.
3. In Earth's crust as carbonates, coal, petroleum and natural gas.
3 Marks
12. Explain the electronic configuration of carbon.
Carbon has atomic number 6, so it has six electrons. Two electrons occupy the first shell and four electrons occupy the second shell.
Therefore, its electronic configuration is 2,4. It has four valence electrons.
Therefore, its electronic configuration is 2,4. It has four valence electrons.
3 Marks
13. What is catenation? Why is it important?
Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to bond with one another.
It allows carbon to form long chains, branched chains and rings, resulting in a huge variety of carbon compounds.
3 Marks
14. What is tetravalency of carbon?
Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell. It therefore forms four covalent bonds with other atoms to complete its octet. This property is called tetravalency.
3 Marks
15. Explain the importance of carbon in fuels.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, LPG, CNG and many other fuels contain carbon compounds. On combustion they release energy, which is used for domestic, transport and industrial purposes.
4 Marks
16. Explain why carbon forms a very large number of compounds.
Carbon forms a very large number of compounds because:
1. It has valency four.
2. It forms strong covalent bonds.
3. It shows catenation.
4. It can form single, double and triple bonds.
1. It has valency four.
2. It forms strong covalent bonds.
3. It shows catenation.
4. It can form single, double and triple bonds.
4 Marks
17. Describe the importance of carbon in living organisms.
Carbon is the structural basis of organic molecules. It is present in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids and vitamins. These molecules perform structural, energy-related and genetic functions in living organisms.
4 Marks
18. Differentiate between diamond and graphite.
| Diamond | Graphite |
|---|---|
| Very hard | Soft |
| Does not conduct electricity | Conducts electricity |
| Used in jewellery and cutting | Used in pencils and electrodes |
4 Marks
19. Explain the occurrence of carbon in the atmosphere and Earth's crust.
In the atmosphere carbon occurs mainly as carbon dioxide. In Earth's crust it occurs in carbonates such as calcium carbonate and in fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
4 Marks
20. Explain the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
Green plants absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere. In the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, CO₂ reacts with water to produce glucose and oxygen.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
5 Marks
21. Explain the important properties of carbon responsible for its versatility.
The major properties are:
1. Tetravalency — carbon forms four covalent bonds.
2. Catenation — carbon bonds with itself.
3. Strong C–C bonds.
4. Formation of single, double and triple bonds.
5. Ability to bond with elements such as H, O, N, S and halogens.
1. Tetravalency — carbon forms four covalent bonds.
2. Catenation — carbon bonds with itself.
3. Strong C–C bonds.
4. Formation of single, double and triple bonds.
5. Ability to bond with elements such as H, O, N, S and halogens.
5 Marks
22. Describe different forms of carbon and their uses.
Diamond: Jewellery and cutting tools.
Graphite: Pencils and electrodes.
Fullerene: Scientific research and nanotechnology.
These forms have different structures and therefore different properties.
Graphite: Pencils and electrodes.
Fullerene: Scientific research and nanotechnology.
These forms have different structures and therefore different properties.
5 Marks
23. Discuss the importance of carbon in daily life.
Carbon compounds are present in fuels, food, medicines, plastics, fibres, detergents, dyes, cosmetics and many industrial materials. Carbon-based fuels provide energy for transportation and industries.
5 Marks
24. Explain the occurrence of carbon in free and combined states.
In free state carbon occurs as diamond, graphite and fullerene. In combined state it occurs as CO₂, carbonates, hydrocarbons, coal, petroleum, natural gas and organic compounds in living organisms.
5 Marks
25. Why is carbon considered the backbone of life?
Carbon can form stable bonds with itself and with many other elements. It forms complex molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. These compounds are essential for life processes.
6 Marks
26. Explain the position, electronic configuration and importance of carbon.
Carbon has atomic number 6 and belongs to Group 14 and Period 2. Its electronic configuration is 2,4, so it has four valence electrons.
Carbon is important because it forms a large number of compounds due to tetravalency and catenation. It is present in living organisms, fuels, minerals and many useful materials.
Carbon is important because it forms a large number of compounds due to tetravalency and catenation. It is present in living organisms, fuels, minerals and many useful materials.
6 Marks
27. Explain the occurrence and importance of carbon in nature.
Carbon occurs in free forms such as diamond, graphite and fullerene. It occurs in combined forms as CO₂, carbonates, fossil fuels and organic compounds.
It is essential for living organisms and is also important in fuels, medicines, polymers, dyes and several industrial products.
It is essential for living organisms and is also important in fuels, medicines, polymers, dyes and several industrial products.
6 Marks
28. Explain why carbon forms an enormous number of compounds.
Carbon has four valence electrons and forms four covalent bonds. It forms strong carbon-carbon bonds and shows catenation. It can form straight chains, branched chains and rings. It can also form single, double and triple bonds. Carbon can combine with H, O, N, S and halogens. Hence, millions of carbon compounds are possible.
6 Marks
29. Describe the importance of carbon in biological and industrial systems.
Biologically, carbon forms carbohydrates, proteins, fats, DNA and RNA. Industrially, carbon compounds are used in fuels, plastics, synthetic fibres, medicines, dyes, detergents and solvents. Thus carbon is important in both life and industry.
6 Marks
30. Write a detailed note on Carbon — Introduction, Occurrence and Importance.
Introduction:
Carbon is a non-metal with atomic number 6 and symbol C. Its electronic configuration is 2,4.
Occurrence:
Carbon occurs in free forms such as diamond, graphite and fullerene. It occurs in combined forms in CO₂, carbonates, coal, petroleum, natural gas and organic compounds.
Importance:
Carbon is the basic element of organic compounds and is essential for life. It forms carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. Carbon compounds are also important in fuels, medicines, polymers and several industrial products.
Special Properties:
Its tetravalency and catenation enable it to form a huge variety of compounds.
Carbon is a non-metal with atomic number 6 and symbol C. Its electronic configuration is 2,4.
Occurrence:
Carbon occurs in free forms such as diamond, graphite and fullerene. It occurs in combined forms in CO₂, carbonates, coal, petroleum, natural gas and organic compounds.
Importance:
Carbon is the basic element of organic compounds and is essential for life. It forms carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. Carbon compounds are also important in fuels, medicines, polymers and several industrial products.
Special Properties:
Its tetravalency and catenation enable it to form a huge variety of compounds.
15. Competitive Level — Key Points | प्रतियोगी परीक्षा के महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
🔥 High-Yield Facts:
- Atomic number of Carbon = 6
- Mass number of most common carbon isotope = 12
- Electronic configuration = 2,4
- Group = 14
- Period = 2
- Valency = 4
- Symbol = C
- Carbon is a non-metal.
- Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
- Graphite conducts electricity.
- Diamond is one of the hardest naturally occurring substances.
- Carbon dioxide is used by green plants during photosynthesis.
- Catenation = self-linking property of carbon.
- Tetravalency = ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds.
- Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen.
16. One-Line Revision | एक पंक्ति में पुनरावृत्ति
Carbon = C = Atomic Number 6 = Configuration 2,4 = Group 14 = Period 2 = Valency 4 = Tetravalent + Catenation = Huge Number of Compounds.
हिन्दी:
कार्बन = C = परमाणु क्रमांक 6 = विन्यास 2,4 = समूह 14 = आवर्त 2 = संयोजकता 4 = चतुसंयोजकता + शृंखलन = असंख्य यौगिक।
हिन्दी:
कार्बन = C = परमाणु क्रमांक 6 = विन्यास 2,4 = समूह 14 = आवर्त 2 = संयोजकता 4 = चतुसंयोजकता + शृंखलन = असंख्य यौगिक।
