Class 10th Science Chapter 5 – Life Processes | Transportation in Humans – Blood, Heart and Circulatory System

🫀 Life Processes – Transportation in Humans

Blood, Heart and Circulatory System | Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive

🫀 Transportation in Humans – Blood, Heart and Circulatory System

🔬 Animated Diagram – Human Double Circulation

Animation Concept: नीली dashed lines deoxygenated blood को दर्शाती हैं और लाल dashed lines oxygenated blood को। Heart का animation उसके rhythmic contraction को दिखाता है।

1. Transportation in Humans – मानव में परिवहन

English:
Transportation is the process by which useful substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones and water are carried to different parts of the body, while waste products such as carbon dioxide are transported to organs where they can be removed.

हिन्दी:
परिवहन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा ऑक्सीजन, पोषक पदार्थ, हार्मोन तथा जल जैसे आवश्यक पदार्थ शरीर के विभिन्न भागों तक पहुँचाए जाते हैं तथा कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड जैसे अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को निष्कासन अंगों तक पहुँचाया जाता है।

Human transport system mainly consists of:

• Blood – रक्त
• Heart – हृदय
• Blood vessels – रक्त वाहिकाएँ

2. Blood – रक्त

English:
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones and waste products throughout the body.

हिन्दी:
रक्त एक तरल संयोजी ऊतक है जो शरीर में ऑक्सीजन, कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड, पचा हुआ भोजन, हार्मोन तथा अपशिष्ट पदार्थों का परिवहन करता है।

3. Components of Blood – रक्त के घटक

Component	मुख्य कार्य
Plasma	Food, hormones, CO₂ और waste products का transport
RBCs / Red Blood Cells	Oxygen का transport
WBCs / White Blood Cells	Body defence और immunity
Platelets	Blood clotting

4. Plasma – प्लाज्मा

English:
Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It transports dissolved nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste materials.

हिन्दी:
प्लाज्मा रक्त का तरल भाग है। इसमें पोषक पदार्थ, हार्मोन, कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड तथा अपशिष्ट पदार्थ घुले हुए रूप में परिवहन किए जाते हैं।

5. Red Blood Cells – लाल रक्त कोशिकाएँ

RBCs contain haemoglobin, a red pigment that binds with oxygen.

RBC का मुख्य कार्य:

• Oxygen transport
• Haemoglobin contains iron
• Human mature RBCs normally lack a nucleus

Haemoglobin + Oxygen ⇌ Oxyhaemoglobin

CBSE Point: Haemoglobin oxygen के साथ reversible combination बनाता है।

6. White Blood Cells – श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएँ

WBCs protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.

हिन्दी: श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएँ रोगजनकों से शरीर की रक्षा करती हैं तथा प्रतिरक्षा में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं।

7. Platelets – प्लेटलेट्स

Platelets help in blood clotting and prevent excessive blood loss after injury.

चोट लगने पर प्लेटलेट्स रक्त का थक्का बनाने में सहायता करते हैं।

8. Human Heart – मानव हृदय

English:
The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

हिन्दी:
मानव हृदय एक पेशीय अंग है जो रक्त को पूरे शरीर में पंप करता है।

Human heart has four chambers:

1. Right Atrium – दायाँ अलिंद
2. Right Ventricle – दायाँ निलय
3. Left Atrium – बायाँ अलिंद
4. Left Ventricle – बायाँ निलय

9. Septum – सेप्टम

Septum is a muscular partition that separates the right and left sides of the heart.

Importance:
It prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

10. Atria – अलिंद

Atria are the upper chambers of the heart.

• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
• Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

11. Ventricles – निलय

Ventricles are the lower chambers.

• Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs.
• Left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body.

Important: Left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall because it has to pump blood throughout the body.

12. Valves – वाल्व

Heart valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction. Functions:

• Prevent backflow of blood
• Maintain one-way movement
• Help efficient circulation

13. Blood Vessels – रक्त वाहिकाएँ

Blood Vessel	Direction	Main Feature
Artery	Heart → Body	Thick, elastic walls
Vein	Body → Heart	Thinner walls; valves present
Capillary	Connects arteries and veins	Very thin walls

14. Arteries – धमनियाँ

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. Exception: Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.

15. Veins – शिराएँ

Veins carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. Exception: Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

16. Capillaries – केशिकाएँ

Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels with very thin walls. They allow exchange of:

• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Water
• Waste products

17. Double Circulation – द्विगुणित परिसंचरण

In humans, blood passes through the heart twice during one complete cycle of circulation. This is called double circulation.

It consists of:

1. Pulmonary circulation
2. Systemic circulation

18. Pulmonary Circulation – फुफ्फुसीय परिसंचरण

Deoxygenated blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In lungs, CO₂ is removed and oxygen is absorbed. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.

Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium

19. Systemic Circulation – शरीरगत परिसंचरण

Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the entire body through the aorta. After exchange in tissues, deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins.

Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body Tissues → Vena Cava → Right Atrium

20. Complete Path of Blood – रक्त का पूरा मार्ग

Body → Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body

21. Why is Double Circulation Necessary?

Double circulation ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood remain largely separated. This provides efficient oxygen supply to body tissues. It supports the high energy requirement of humans.

22. Heartbeat – हृदय की धड़कन

A heartbeat consists of rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles.

• Systole: Contraction of heart chambers.
• Diastole: Relaxation of heart chambers.

23. Cardiac Cycle – हृदय चक्र

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers during one heartbeat. It ensures continuous pumping of blood.

24. Blood Pressure – रक्तचाप

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is commonly measured using a sphygmomanometer.

Systolic pressure: Pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure: Pressure during ventricular relaxation.

Normal reference value ≈ 120/80 mm Hg

25. Lymph – लसीका

Lymph is a colourless fluid involved in transport and immune functions. Functions:

• Returns excess tissue fluid to blood
• Transports absorbed fats from intestine
• Helps in immunity

26. Blood vs Lymph

Blood	Lymph
Usually red due to haemoglobin	Usually colourless
Contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets	Contains mainly lymphocytes
Rapid transport system	Returns excess tissue fluid
Transports oxygen efficiently through RBCs	Important in immunity and fat transport

27. Transport of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration is transported by blood to the lungs. A significant portion of CO₂ is transported in dissolved/converted forms in plasma, especially as bicarbonate ions.

28. Transport of Oxygen

Oxygen enters blood at the lungs and combines with haemoglobin in RBCs. It is then transported to body tissues. At tissues, oxygen is released for cellular respiration.

O₂ + Haemoglobin ⇌ Oxyhaemoglobin

29. Artery vs Vein vs Capillary

Feature	Artery	Vein	Capillary
Direction	Away from heart	Towards heart	Exchange vessels
Wall	Thick	Thin	Very thin
Valves	Generally absent	Present	Absent
Pressure	High	Low	Low

30. CBSE Golden Points ⭐

• Heart has four chambers.
• Septum separates right and left sides of heart.
• Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs.
• Left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body.
• Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood.
• Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood.
• Aorta is the main artery carrying blood from the left ventricle.
• Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
• RBCs contain haemoglobin.
• WBCs help in defence.
• Platelets help in clotting.
• Capillaries are sites of exchange.
• Humans show double circulation.
• Valves prevent backflow.
• Left ventricular wall is thicker than right ventricular wall.

31. 30 MCQs – Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. The fluid connective tissue in humans is:

A) Blood

B) Bone

C) Cartilage

D) Muscle

Answer: A) Blood

Q2. Which component of blood transports oxygen?

A) Plasma

B) RBCs

C) Platelets

D) WBCs

Answer: B) RBCs

Q3. Haemoglobin is present mainly in:

A) Plasma

B) WBCs

C) RBCs

D) Platelets

Answer: C) RBCs

Q4. Which blood component helps in clotting?

A) RBC

B) Plasma

C) WBC

D) Platelets

Answer: D) Platelets

Q5. The human heart has:

A) 4 chambers

B) 2 chambers

C) 3 chambers

D) 5 chambers

Answer: A) 4 chambers

Q6. Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

A) Left atrium

B) Right atrium

C) Left ventricle

D) Right ventricle

Answer: B) Right atrium

Q7. Which chamber pumps blood to the lungs?

A) Left atrium

B) Left ventricle

C) Right ventricle

D) Right atrium

Answer: C) Right ventricle

Q8. Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body?

A) Right atrium

B) Right ventricle

C) Left atrium

D) Left ventricle

Answer: D) Left ventricle

Q9. The main artery leaving the left ventricle is:

A) Aorta

B) Vena cava

C) Pulmonary vein

D) Pulmonary artery

Answer: A) Aorta

Q10. Pulmonary artery carries:

A) Oxygenated blood to body

B) Deoxygenated blood to lungs

C) Oxygenated blood to lungs

D) Deoxygenated blood to heart

Answer: B) Deoxygenated blood to lungs

Q11. Pulmonary vein carries:

A) Deoxygenated blood

B) Mixed blood

C) Oxygenated blood

D) Lymph

Answer: C) Oxygenated blood

Q12. Septum prevents:

A) Blood clotting

B) Blood pressure

C) Digestion

D) Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer: D) Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Q13. The thickest wall is found in:

A) Left ventricle

B) Right atrium

C) Left atrium

D) Right ventricle

Answer: A) Left ventricle

Q14. Blood vessels with very thin walls are:

A) Arteries

B) Capillaries

C) Veins

D) Aorta

Answer: B) Capillaries

Q15. Valves are particularly important in:

A) Arteries

B) Capillaries

C) Veins

D) Plasma

Answer: C) Veins

Q16. Blood pressure is measured using:

A) Barometer

B) Thermometer

C) Hygrometer

D) Sphygmomanometer

Answer: D) Sphygmomanometer

Q17. Contraction of heart muscles is called:

A) Systole

B) Diastole

C) Diffusion

D) Osmosis

Answer: A) Systole

Q18. Relaxation of heart muscles is called:

A) Systole

B) Diastole

C) Pulse

D) Clotting

Answer: B) Diastole

Q19. Which vessel carries blood from body to right atrium?

A) Aorta

B) Pulmonary artery

C) Vena cava

D) Pulmonary vein

Answer: C) Vena cava

Q20. The liquid portion of blood is:

A) RBC

B) WBC

C) Platelets

D) Plasma

Answer: D) Plasma

Q21. WBCs mainly help in:

A) Defence

B) Oxygen transport

C) Clotting

D) Digestion

Answer: A) Defence

Q22. Human beings show:

A) Single circulation

B) Double circulation

C) Open circulation

D) No circulation

Answer: B) Double circulation

Q23. Which organ pumps blood?

A) Kidney

B) Lung

C) Heart

D) Liver

Answer: C) Heart

Q24. Oxygenated blood from lungs enters:

A) Right atrium

B) Right ventricle

C) Left ventricle

D) Left atrium

Answer: D) Left atrium

Q25. Exchange between blood and tissues mainly occurs through:

A) Capillaries

B) Aorta

C) Vena cava

D) Pulmonary artery

Answer: A) Capillaries

Q26. The iron-containing pigment in RBCs is:

A) Chlorophyll

B) Haemoglobin

C) Melanin

D) Insulin

Answer: B) Haemoglobin

Q27. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from lungs?

A) Vena cava

B) Pulmonary artery

C) Pulmonary vein

D) Renal vein

Answer: C) Pulmonary vein

Q28. Lymph helps in:

A) Only oxygen transport

B) Only heartbeat

C) Only digestion

D) Immunity and return of tissue fluid

Answer: D) Immunity and return of tissue fluid

Q29. Which chamber has the thickest muscular wall?

A) Left ventricle

B) Right atrium

C) Left atrium

D) Right atrium

Answer: A) Left ventricle

Q30. Which structure prevents backflow of blood in the heart?

A) Septum

B) Valves

C) Capillaries

D) Plasma

Answer: B) Valves

32. 30 Subjective Questions with Answers

1 Mark Q1. What is transportation in humans?

Answer: It is the process of transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout the body.

1 Mark Q2. Name the fluid connective tissue of humans.

Answer: Blood.

1 Mark Q3. What is the function of haemoglobin?

Answer: It transports oxygen by combining reversibly with oxygen.

1 Mark Q4. Name the pigment present in RBCs.

Answer: Haemoglobin.

1 Mark Q5. How many chambers are present in the human heart?

Answer: Four.

1 Mark Q6. Name the blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Answer: Pulmonary artery.

2 Marks Q7. Write two functions of blood.

Answer:

1. Transport of oxygen and nutrients.
2. Transport of carbon dioxide and wastes.

2 Marks Q8. What are the functions of platelets?

Answer: Platelets help in blood clotting and prevent excessive blood loss.

2 Marks Q9. Differentiate between arteries and veins.

Arteries	Veins
Carry blood away from heart.	Carry blood towards heart.
Walls are thick and elastic.	Walls are relatively thin.

2 Marks Q10. What is the function of septum?

Answer: Septum separates the right and left sides of the heart and prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

2 Marks Q11. Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

Answer: The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, so it requires greater muscular force.

2 Marks Q12. What is double circulation?

Answer: In one complete circulation, blood passes through the heart twice. It includes pulmonary and systemic circulation.

3 Marks Q13. Explain the functions of RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

Answer:

• RBCs transport oxygen.
• WBCs protect the body against pathogens.
• Platelets help in blood clotting.

3 Marks Q14. Explain the role of plasma.

Answer: Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It transports dissolved nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste materials.

3 Marks Q15. Explain pulmonary circulation.

Answer: Deoxygenated blood moves from right ventricle to lungs through pulmonary artery. In lungs it gets oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary veins.

3 Marks Q16. Explain systemic circulation.

Answer: Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta and reaches body tissues. Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium through vena cava.

3 Marks Q17. What are capillaries? Give their importance.

Answer: Capillaries are very thin blood vessels. They connect small arteries and veins and allow exchange of gases, nutrients, water and wastes with tissues.

3 Marks Q18. Why are valves present in the heart?

Answer: Valves prevent the backward flow of blood and ensure that blood moves in one direction.

4 Marks Q19. Describe the four chambers of the human heart.

Answer:

• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body.
• Right ventricle sends it to lungs.
• Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs.
• Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

4 Marks Q20. Explain the complete pathway of blood through the heart.

Solution:
Body → Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body.

4 Marks Q21. Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Pulmonary Circulation	Systemic Circulation
Heart ↔ Lungs	Heart ↔ Body
Oxygenation of blood occurs.	Oxygen is delivered to tissues.

4 Marks Q22. Explain the importance of double circulation in humans.

Answer: Double circulation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood largely separate and ensures efficient oxygen supply to tissues. This supports the high energy requirement of the human body.

5 Marks Q23. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.

Answer: The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to lungs. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood and passes it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body. Septum separates the two sides and valves prevent backflow.

5 Marks Q24. Explain the composition and functions of blood.

Answer: Blood consists of plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

• Plasma transports dissolved substances.
• RBCs transport oxygen.
• WBCs provide defence.
• Platelets help clotting.

Together these components maintain transport, protection and regulation in the body.

5 Marks Q25. Explain the role of arteries, veins and capillaries.

Answer: Arteries carry blood away from the heart and have thick elastic walls. Veins carry blood towards the heart and generally contain valves. Capillaries are microscopic vessels with very thin walls and are the main sites of exchange between blood and tissues.

5 Marks Q26. Explain transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood.

Answer: Oxygen enters blood in lungs and combines with haemoglobin in RBCs. It is transported to tissues where it is released. Carbon dioxide produced in tissues is transported by blood to lungs, where it is removed during exhalation.

6 Marks Q27. Draw and explain the double circulation in humans.

Answer:
Double circulation consists of pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Pulmonary: Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium.

Systemic: Left ventricle → Aorta → Body tissues → Vena cava → Right atrium.

It prevents significant mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and ensures efficient oxygen delivery.

6 Marks Q28. Explain why separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is important in humans.

Answer: Humans have high energy requirements. Efficient respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen. The four-chambered heart and septum keep oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood largely separate. Therefore, highly oxygenated blood can be supplied efficiently to tissues.

6 Marks Q29. Explain the differences among blood, lymph, arteries, veins and capillaries.

Structure	Main Function
Blood	Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes
Lymph	Fluid balance, immunity and fat transport
Arteries	Carry blood away from heart
Veins	Carry blood towards heart
Capillaries	Exchange of substances with tissues

6 Marks Q30. Explain the complete mechanism of human circulation.

Answer:
Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium through vena cava. It passes into the right ventricle and is pumped to lungs through pulmonary artery. In lungs, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is taken up. Oxygenated blood returns through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. It enters the left ventricle and is pumped through the aorta to the entire body. At tissue capillaries, oxygen and nutrients are supplied and wastes are collected. Deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart through veins.

33. HOTS / Application Based Questions

HOTS 1: Why does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood although it is an artery?

Answer: Artery is defined by direction of blood flow—away from the heart—not by oxygen content. Pulmonary artery carries blood away from the right ventricle to lungs.

HOTS 2: Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

Answer: It has to pump blood over a much larger distance to the entire body, requiring greater pressure.

HOTS 3: What would happen if heart valves did not function properly?

Answer: Blood could flow backward, reducing the efficiency of circulation and increasing the workload on the heart.

HOTS 4: Why are capillary walls only one cell thick?

Answer: Thin walls provide a short diffusion distance, allowing rapid exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes.

34. Quick Revision – एक नजर में

🩸 Blood = Plasma + RBC + WBC + Platelets

🫀 Heart = 4 Chambers

🔵 Right Heart → Lungs

🔴 Left Heart → Body

Pulmonary Artery = Deoxygenated Blood

Pulmonary Vein = Oxygenated Blood

Aorta = Left Ventricle → Body

Vena Cava = Body → Right Atrium

Humans = Double Circulation

⭐ Exam Mantra:

Right side → Deoxygenated blood → Lungs
Left side → Oxygenated blood → Body

इसे याद रखने से Human Circulatory System के अधिकांश CBSE questions आसानी से हल किए जा सकते हैं।