Class 10th Science Chapter 6 – Control and Coordination | Human Hormones and Their Functions

🧠 Control and Coordination

Important Diagrams & Labelling | Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive

Control and Coordination | Important Diagrams and Labelling

1. Important Diagrams – परीक्षा में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण

English: The following diagrams are important for Class 10 CBSE examination and should be practised with correct labelling.

हिन्दी: निम्नलिखित diagrams Class 10 CBSE परीक्षा के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। इनका अभ्यास सही labelling के साथ करना चाहिए।

• Neuron – न्यूरॉन
• Reflex Arc – प्रतिवर्ती चाप
• Human Brain – मानव मस्तिष्क
• Central Nervous System – CNS
• Peripheral Nervous System – PNS
• Phototropism – प्रकाशानुवर्तन
• Geotropism – गुरुत्वानुवर्तन
• Endocrine System – अंतःस्रावी तंत्र

2. Neuron – न्यूरॉन का Diagram

Animated Neuron Diagram

1. Dendrites – संकेत ग्रहण करते हैं

2. Cell Body – कोशिका शरीर

3. Nucleus – केन्द्रक

4. Axon – तंत्रिकाक्ष

5. Myelin Sheath – माइलिन आवरण

6. Axon Terminal – अक्षतंतु का सिरा

Exam Point: Nerve impulse generally travels:
Dendrite → Cell Body → Axon → Axon Terminal

3. Reflex Arc – प्रतिवर्ती चाप

Animated Reflex Arc

Reflex Arc Sequence:

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Relay Neuron/CNS → Motor Neuron → Effector → Response

हिन्दी: उद्दीपन → ग्राही → संवेदी न्यूरॉन → CNS/रिले न्यूरॉन → मोटर न्यूरॉन → प्रभावक → प्रतिक्रिया

Receptor – उद्दीपन ग्रहण करता है

Sensory Neuron – संदेश CNS तक ले जाता है

Relay Neuron – CNS में संदेश का समन्वय

Motor Neuron – आदेश प्रभावक तक

Effector – मांसपेशी/ग्रंथि

4. Human Brain – मानव मस्तिष्क

Brain – Important Parts

Part	Main Function
Forebrain	Thinking, reasoning, memory, sensory interpretation and voluntary actions.
Midbrain	Important in certain visual and auditory reflexes.
Cerebellum	Balance, posture and precision of voluntary movements.
Medulla	Controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heartbeat.
Spinal Cord	Conducts nerve impulses and coordinates many reflex actions.

5. Central Nervous System – CNS

CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord
केन्द्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र = मस्तिष्क + मेरुरज्जु

6. Peripheral Nervous System – PNS

7. Phototropism – प्रकाशानुवर्तन

Phototropism: Growth movement of a plant part in response to light.

Example: Shoot bends towards light.

Auxin: Auxin promotes cell elongation in shoots. Unequal distribution of auxin causes unequal growth, producing bending.

8. Geotropism / Gravitropism – गुरुत्वानुवर्तन

Plant Part	Response to Gravity
Root	Positive geotropism
Shoot	Negative geotropism

9. Endocrine System – अंतःस्रावी तंत्र

Gland	Important Hormone	Major Function
Pituitary	Growth Hormone	Growth of body
Thyroid	Thyroxine	Regulates metabolism
Adrenal	Adrenaline	Emergency response
Pancreas	Insulin	Regulates blood glucose
Testes	Testosterone	Male reproductive development
Ovaries	Estrogen / Progesterone	Female reproductive functions

10. Diagram Labelling – Most Important Labels

Neuron → Dendrite

Neuron → Cell Body

Neuron → Nucleus

Neuron → Axon

Neuron → Myelin Sheath

Reflex Arc → Receptor

Reflex Arc → Sensory Neuron

Reflex Arc → Relay Neuron

Reflex Arc → Motor Neuron

Reflex Arc → Effector

Brain → Forebrain

Brain → Midbrain

Brain → Hindbrain

Brain → Cerebellum

Brain → Medulla

CNS → Brain

CNS → Spinal Cord

PNS → Peripheral Nerves

Plant → Shoot

Plant → Root

Endocrine → Pituitary

Endocrine → Thyroid

Endocrine → Adrenal

Endocrine → Pancreas

11. 30 MCQs – Important Diagrams & Labelling

Q1. Which part of a neuron receives information?

A) Axon

B) Dendrite

C) Cell wall

D) Myelin sheath

Answer: B) Dendrite

Q2. The long fibre of a neuron is called:

A) Dendrite

B) Nucleus

C) Axon

D) Receptor

Answer: C) Axon

Q3. The central nervous system consists of:

A) Brain and spinal cord

B) Brain and muscles

C) Spinal cord and glands

D) Nerves and muscles

Answer: A) Brain and spinal cord

Q4. Which part of the brain maintains balance and posture?

A) Cerebellum

B) Medulla

C) Spinal cord

D) Forebrain

Answer: A) Cerebellum

Q5. Which part controls involuntary actions such as breathing?

A) Cerebellum

B) Medulla

C) Forebrain

D) Dendrite

Answer: B) Medulla

Q6. In a reflex arc, the receptor detects:

A) Hormone

B) Stimulus

C) Blood

D) Enzyme

Answer: B) Stimulus

Q7. Which neuron carries impulses towards the CNS?

A) Motor neuron

B) Sensory neuron

C) Relay muscle

D) Endocrine neuron

Answer: B) Sensory neuron

Q8. Which neuron carries impulses from CNS to an effector?

A) Sensory neuron

B) Relay neuron

C) Motor neuron

D) Receptor

Answer: C) Motor neuron

Q9. Which structure is generally the gap between two neurons?

A) Synapse

B) Axon

C) Dendrite

D) Nucleus

Answer: A) Synapse

Q10. The forebrain is mainly associated with:

A) Thinking and reasoning

B) Balance only

C) Heartbeat only

D) Digestion only

Answer: A) Thinking and reasoning

Q11. The plant part generally showing positive phototropism is:

A) Root

B) Shoot

C) Seed

D) Fruit

Answer: B) Shoot

Q12. Roots generally show:

A) Negative geotropism

B) Positive geotropism

C) No response

D) Phototropism only

Answer: B) Positive geotropism

Q13. Shoots generally show:

A) Positive geotropism

B) Negative geotropism

C) No growth

D) Chemotropism

Answer: B) Negative geotropism

Q14. Which plant hormone is strongly associated with phototropic bending of shoots?

A) Auxin

B) Insulin

C) Adrenaline

D) Thyroxine

Answer: A) Auxin

Q15. Which gland secretes thyroxine?

A) Pancreas

B) Thyroid

C) Adrenal

D) Pituitary

Answer: B) Thyroid

Q16. Which gland secretes adrenaline?

A) Adrenal gland

B) Thyroid gland

C) Pancreas

D) Pituitary

Answer: A) Adrenal gland

Q17. Insulin is secreted by:

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Pituitary

D) Testes

Answer: B) Pancreas

Q18. Testosterone is mainly produced by:

A) Testes

B) Thyroid

C) Pancreas

D) Adrenal only

Answer: A) Testes

Q19. Which gland is located in the neck?

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Adrenal

D) Testes

Answer: A) Thyroid

Q20. Which gland plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose?

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Pituitary

D) Ovary

Answer: B) Pancreas

Q21. The junction between two neurons is called:

A) Synapse

B) Axon

C) Receptor

D) Effector

Answer: A) Synapse

Q22. Which structure carries information away from the cell body?

A) Dendrite

B) Axon

C) Nucleus

D) Receptor

Answer: B) Axon

Q23. Which is an effector in a reflex action?

A) Muscle

B) Bone

C) Blood

D) Neuron only

Answer: A) Muscle

Q24. Which brain part coordinates precision of movement?

A) Cerebellum

B) Medulla

C) Spinal cord

D) Thyroid

Answer: A) Cerebellum

Q25. Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

A) Thyroid

B) Salivary duct

C) Sweat duct

D) Bile duct

Answer: A) Thyroid

Q26. Endocrine glands are generally:

A) Ductless

B) Connected to bones

C) Digestive organs

D) Excretory organs

Answer: A) Ductless

Q27. Which hormone requires iodine for its synthesis?

A) Thyroxine

B) Insulin

C) Adrenaline

D) Testosterone

Answer: A) Thyroxine

Q28. Which system provides rapid electrical coordination?

A) Nervous system

B) Digestive system

C) Skeletal system

D) Excretory system

Answer: A) Nervous system

Q29. Hormones are transported mainly through:

A) Blood

B) Bones

C) Air

D) Digestive tract

Answer: A) Blood

Q30. Which diagram represents the pathway of a rapid automatic response?

A) Reflex arc

B) Digestive tract

C) Nephron

D) Alveolus

Answer: A) Reflex arc

12. 30 Subjective Questions – Diagram Based

2 Marks Q1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a neuron.

Answer: Label dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon and axon terminal.

2 Marks Q2. Name the two main parts of the Central Nervous System.

Answer: Brain and spinal cord.

2 Marks Q3. What is a synapse?

Answer: It is the functional junction between two neurons through which the nerve signal is transmitted.

2 Marks Q4. Name two parts of the hindbrain.

Answer: Cerebellum and medulla.

2 Marks Q5. What is phototropism?

Answer: It is the directional growth response of a plant part to light.

3 Marks Q6. Draw and label a reflex arc.

Answer: Show receptor → sensory neuron → CNS/relay neuron → motor neuron → effector.

3 Marks Q7. State three functions of the cerebellum.

Answer: Maintains balance, posture and coordinates precision of voluntary movements.

3 Marks Q8. Differentiate between sensory and motor neurons.

Sensory neurons carry impulses towards CNS, whereas motor neurons carry impulses from CNS towards effectors.

3 Marks Q9. Draw a simple diagram showing positive and negative geotropism.

Answer: Show root growing towards gravity and shoot growing away from gravity.

3 Marks Q10. Name three endocrine glands and one hormone secreted by each.

Thyroid–thyroxine; Adrenal–adrenaline; Pancreas–insulin.

4 Marks Q11. Draw a labelled diagram of the human brain and mention functions of any two parts.

Label forebrain, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord. Forebrain is associated with thinking and voluntary actions; cerebellum coordinates balance and precision of movement.

4 Marks Q12. Explain the pathway of a reflex action with a diagram.

Stimulus is detected by receptor. Sensory neuron carries the impulse to CNS. Motor neuron carries the command to the effector, producing a quick response.

4 Marks Q13. Explain phototropism with a labelled diagram.

The shoot responds directionally to light. Auxin promotes cell elongation; unequal auxin distribution causes unequal growth, so the shoot bends towards light.

4 Marks Q14. Explain the functions of forebrain, cerebellum, and medulla.

Forebrain—thinking and voluntary actions; cerebellum—balance and coordination; medulla—involuntary activities such as breathing and heartbeat.

4 Marks Q15. Draw the endocrine system and label four endocrine glands.

Label pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas. Reproductive glands may also be labelled.

5 Marks Q16. Draw a neat labelled neuron and explain the function of each major part.

Dendrites receive signals; cell body contains nucleus; axon conducts impulse away from cell body; myelin sheath provides insulation; axon terminals pass signals to the next neuron/effector.

5 Marks Q17. Draw and explain the reflex arc.

The diagram should include receptor, sensory neuron, CNS/relay neuron, motor neuron and effector. It provides a rapid response without requiring conscious thinking before the immediate response.

5 Marks Q18. Draw the human brain and explain the functions of its major regions.

Forebrain—thinking, memory and voluntary actions; midbrain—certain visual/auditory reflexes; hindbrain—balance, posture and involuntary activities.

5 Marks Q19. Explain phototropism and geotropism with suitable diagrams.

Shoots generally show positive phototropism and negative geotropism, while roots generally show positive geotropism. These are directional growth responses.

5 Marks Q20. Draw the endocrine system and explain the functions of four glands.

Pituitary—growth hormone; thyroid—thyroxine; adrenal—adrenaline; pancreas—insulin/glucagon.

6 Marks Q21. Draw a labelled neuron and explain how a nerve impulse travels through it.

Impulse is generally received by dendrites, passes to the cell body and travels along the axon to the axon terminal. At a synapse, chemical messengers help transmit the signal to the next neuron.

6 Marks Q22. Draw a reflex arc and explain the complete pathway.

Stimulus → receptor → sensory neuron → CNS/relay neuron → motor neuron → effector → response.

6 Marks Q23. Draw and label the human brain. Explain the functions of forebrain, cerebellum and medulla.

Forebrain performs higher mental functions and voluntary actions; cerebellum maintains balance and coordinates movement; medulla controls several involuntary activities.

6 Marks Q24. Draw a diagram showing CNS and PNS and differentiate between them.

CNS consists of brain and spinal cord. PNS consists of nerves connecting the CNS with the rest of the body.

6 Marks Q25. Explain phototropism using a suitable labelled diagram.

Light causes unequal auxin distribution in the shoot. Differential growth causes the shoot to bend towards the light.

6 Marks Q26. Explain geotropism with a labelled diagram.

Roots generally grow towards gravity and are positively geotropic. Shoots generally grow away from gravity and are negatively geotropic.

6 Marks Q27. Draw and label the human endocrine system and explain hormonal coordination.

Endocrine glands release hormones into the blood. Hormones reach target tissues and regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, emergency response and reproduction.

6 Marks Q28. Compare nervous and hormonal coordination.

Nervous coordination uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters and is generally rapid and localized. Hormonal coordination uses chemical hormones carried in blood and is generally slower but may have longer-lasting effects.

6 Marks Q29. Explain how diagrams help in understanding Control and Coordination.

Diagrams show pathways and relationships clearly. Neuron shows impulse conduction, reflex arc shows response pathway, brain shows control centres, and endocrine diagrams show glands and hormones.

6 Marks Q30. Prepare a complete labelled diagram-based revision of Control and Coordination.

Revise neuron, reflex arc, brain, CNS/PNS, phototropism, geotropism and endocrine glands with their major labels and functions.

13. CBSE Golden Points – Diagram Questions

⭐ Golden Point 1: Neuron diagram में Dendrite → Cell Body → Axon की direction याद रखें।

⭐ Golden Point 2: Reflex Arc में Receptor और Effector दोनों जरूर label करें।

⭐ Golden Point 3: CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord.

⭐ Golden Point 4: Cerebellum = Balance + Posture + Coordination.

⭐ Golden Point 5: Medulla = Involuntary Activities.

⭐ Golden Point 6: Root = Positive Geotropism.

⭐ Golden Point 7: Shoot = Positive Phototropism.

⭐ Golden Point 8: Thyroid → Thyroxine.

⭐ Golden Point 9: Adrenal → Adrenaline.

⭐ Golden Point 10: Pancreas → Insulin + Glucagon.

14. One-Line Revision

Diagram	One-Line Revision
Neuron	Structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Reflex Arc	Pathway of a rapid reflex response.
Brain	Main control centre of the nervous system.
CNS	Brain + spinal cord.
PNS	Nerves connecting CNS with body.
Phototropism	Directional growth response to light.
Geotropism	Directional growth response to gravity.
Endocrine System	Hormonal coordination through blood.

15. Memory Trick – याद रखने की आसान Trick

NEURON:
D → B → A
Dendrite → Body → Axon

---

REFLEX ARC:
R → S → C → M → E
Receptor → Sensory → CNS → Motor → Effector

---

BRAIN:
F – C – M
Forebrain → Thinking
Cerebellum → Coordination
Medulla → Involuntary actions

---

PLANT:
Root → Gravity
Shoot → Light

---

HORMONES:
TAP
T = Thyroid → Thyroxine
A = Adrenal → Adrenaline
P = Pancreas → Insulin

16. Diagram Practice – Board Exam Tips

✔ Diagram pencil से बनाएं।
✔ Labels साफ और horizontal रखें।
✔ Label lines आपस में cross न हों।
✔ Diagram का title जरूर लिखें।
✔ Important parts को सही position पर label करें।
✔ Arrow/flow direction में गलती न करें।
✔ Neuron और Reflex Arc में impulse direction विशेष रूप से याद रखें।
✔ Brain diagram में Forebrain, Cerebellum और Medulla की position का अभ्यास करें।
✔ Plant diagrams में Light और Gravity की direction स्पष्ट करें।
✔ Endocrine diagram में glands की approximate position सही रखें।