How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Spore Formation and Vegetative Propagation | Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive
Spore Formation and Vegetative Propagation
1. Introduction | परिचय
English:
Spore formation and vegetative propagation are important methods of asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, generally one parent is involved and there is no fusion of male and female gametes. Two important methods covered in this topic are:
बीजाणु निर्माण तथा कायिक प्रवर्धन अलैंगिक जनन की महत्वपूर्ण विधियाँ हैं। अलैंगिक जनन में सामान्यतः एक जनक भाग लेता है और नर तथा मादा युग्मकों का संलयन नहीं होता।
Spore formation and vegetative propagation are important methods of asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, generally one parent is involved and there is no fusion of male and female gametes. Two important methods covered in this topic are:
- Spore Formation
- Vegetative Propagation
बीजाणु निर्माण तथा कायिक प्रवर्धन अलैंगिक जनन की महत्वपूर्ण विधियाँ हैं। अलैंगिक जनन में सामान्यतः एक जनक भाग लेता है और नर तथा मादा युग्मकों का संलयन नहीं होता।
Asexual Reproduction
→
Spore Formation
OR
Vegetative Propagation
→
New Plant / Organism
2. Spore Formation | बीजाणु निर्माण
English:
Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction in which an organism produces specialised reproductive structures called spores. Spores are usually produced inside or associated with specialised structures called sporangia in organisms such as Rhizopus. When mature spores are released, they can be dispersed by air. Under suitable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new organism. हिन्दी:
बीजाणु निर्माण में जीव विशेष जनन संरचनाएँ बनाता है जिन्हें बीजाणु (Spores) कहते हैं। राइजोपस जैसे जीवों में बीजाणु सामान्यतः बीजाणुधानी (Sporangium) नामक संरचना के अंदर बनते हैं। परिपक्व बीजाणु बाहर निकलकर वायु द्वारा फैल सकते हैं और अनुकूल परिस्थितियों में अंकुरित होकर नया जीव बनाते हैं।
Spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction in which an organism produces specialised reproductive structures called spores. Spores are usually produced inside or associated with specialised structures called sporangia in organisms such as Rhizopus. When mature spores are released, they can be dispersed by air. Under suitable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new organism. हिन्दी:
बीजाणु निर्माण में जीव विशेष जनन संरचनाएँ बनाता है जिन्हें बीजाणु (Spores) कहते हैं। राइजोपस जैसे जीवों में बीजाणु सामान्यतः बीजाणुधानी (Sporangium) नामक संरचना के अंदर बनते हैं। परिपक्व बीजाणु बाहर निकलकर वायु द्वारा फैल सकते हैं और अनुकूल परिस्थितियों में अंकुरित होकर नया जीव बनाते हैं।
Sporangium → Spores → Release → Dispersal → Germination → New Organism
3. Spore Formation in Rhizopus | राइजोपस में बीजाणु निर्माण
Rhizopus is a fungus commonly called bread mould.
It commonly reproduces asexually by spore formation.
The black spherical structure at the tip of a sporangiophore is the sporangium.
The sporangium contains numerous spores.
When the sporangium matures, it may rupture and release spores.
The spores are dispersed by air and germinate under favourable conditions.
Animated Diagram – Spore Formation in Rhizopus
Important CBSE Point:
Rhizopus reproduces by spores formed inside the sporangium. The spores are light and can be dispersed easily by air.
Rhizopus reproduces by spores formed inside the sporangium. The spores are light and can be dispersed easily by air.
4. Important Features of Spores | बीजाणुओं की विशेषताएँ
Spores are useful for asexual reproduction because they can:
- Be produced in large numbers.
- Be dispersed easily.
- Remain protected by a resistant covering in many fungi.
- Germinate when suitable environmental conditions are available.
5. Germination of Spores | बीजाणुओं का अंकुरण
English:
When a spore reaches a suitable environment containing appropriate moisture, temperature and nutrients, it can germinate. During germination, the spore develops into a new organism. हिन्दी:
जब बीजाणु को उपयुक्त नमी, तापमान तथा पोषक परिस्थितियाँ मिलती हैं, तो वह अंकुरित होकर नया जीव विकसित कर सकता है।
When a spore reaches a suitable environment containing appropriate moisture, temperature and nutrients, it can germinate. During germination, the spore develops into a new organism. हिन्दी:
जब बीजाणु को उपयुक्त नमी, तापमान तथा पोषक परिस्थितियाँ मिलती हैं, तो वह अंकुरित होकर नया जीव विकसित कर सकता है।
Mature Spore
→
Suitable Conditions
→
Germination
→
New Organism
6. Vegetative Propagation | कायिक प्रवर्धन
English:
Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants in which new plants develop from vegetative parts of the parent plant such as:
कायिक प्रवर्धन पौधों में अलैंगिक जनन की वह विधि है जिसमें नए पौधे जनक पौधे के कायिक भागों जैसे जड़, तना या पत्ती से विकसित होते हैं। इसमें नया पौधा बनाने के लिए बीज बनना आवश्यक नहीं होता।
Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants in which new plants develop from vegetative parts of the parent plant such as:
- Root
- Stem
- Leaf
कायिक प्रवर्धन पौधों में अलैंगिक जनन की वह विधि है जिसमें नए पौधे जनक पौधे के कायिक भागों जैसे जड़, तना या पत्ती से विकसित होते हैं। इसमें नया पौधा बनाने के लिए बीज बनना आवश्यक नहीं होता।
Root + Stem + Leaf → New Plant
7. Natural Vegetative Propagation | प्राकृतिक कायिक प्रवर्धन
Natural vegetative propagation occurs naturally without deliberate human intervention.
Important examples include:
| Vegetative Part | Example | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Stem | Potato | Eyes of potato can produce new shoots. |
| Stem | Ginger | Rhizome can produce new shoots. |
| Stem | Turmeric | Rhizome can produce new plants. |
| Leaf | Bryophyllum | Leaf margins can produce buds that develop into plantlets. |
| Stem | Strawberry | Runners can form new plants. |
8. Potato – Vegetative Propagation by Stem
Potato is a modified underground stem called a tuber.
The small structures called eyes on the potato can develop into shoots.
Each suitable eye can give rise to a new potato plant.
Therefore, potato is an example of vegetative propagation through a modified stem.
Animated Diagram – Potato Eyes
Exam Point: Potato is a stem, not a root, because its eyes are buds capable of producing new shoots.
9. Bryophyllum – Vegetative Propagation by Leaf
Bryophyllum can reproduce vegetatively through its leaves.
Small buds develop along the margins of the leaf.
These buds can grow into small plantlets.
The plantlets may detach from the leaf, fall onto the soil and develop into independent plants.
Animated Diagram – Bryophyllum Leaf
10. Ginger – Vegetative Propagation by Rhizome
Ginger has a modified underground stem called a rhizome.
The rhizome contains buds.
When suitable conditions are available, these buds develop into new shoots.
Therefore, ginger is an example of vegetative propagation through a modified stem.
11. Artificial Vegetative Propagation | कृत्रिम कायिक प्रवर्धन
Humans can deliberately use vegetative parts of plants to produce new plants.
Important artificial methods include:
- Cutting
- Layering
- Grafting
12. Cutting | कलम द्वारा प्रवर्धन
In cutting, a portion of a stem containing suitable buds is cut from the parent plant and placed in suitable conditions.
Roots develop from the cutting and a new plant is formed.
Examples: Rose, Sugarcane, Money plant.
Stem Cutting → Roots + Shoots → New Plant
13. Layering | लेयरिंग
In layering, a branch is bent down and a portion of it is covered with moist soil while it remains attached to the parent plant.
Roots develop from the covered portion.
After sufficient root development, the branch can be separated and grown as an independent plant.
14. Grafting | ग्राफ्टिंग
Grafting is a technique in which a part of one plant is joined to another compatible plant.
The rooted plant providing the root system is called the stock.
The part attached to the stock is called the scion.
After successful union, the scion grows using the root system of the stock.
Stock + Scion → Successful Graft → New Growth
15. Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
Important advantages are:
- New plants can be produced quickly.
- Only one parent plant is needed.
- Plants can be produced without seeds.
- Useful characteristics of a parent plant can be retained.
- Useful for plants that produce few or no viable seeds.
- Many plants can be propagated from selected parent plants.
16. Limitations of Vegetative Propagation
- It generally produces less genetic variation than sexual reproduction.
- Diseases present in the parent plant may be passed to new plants.
- Low genetic diversity can make populations less adaptable to major environmental changes.
17. Vegetative Propagation vs Sexual Reproduction
| Vegetative Propagation | Sexual Reproduction |
|---|---|
| Generally one parent. | Usually involves two types of gametes. |
| No fusion of gametes. | Fusion of gametes occurs during fertilisation. |
| New plant develops from vegetative parts. | New plant generally develops from a seed formed after sexual reproduction. |
| Usually produces less variation. | Generally produces greater variation. |
18. Natural vs Artificial Vegetative Propagation
| Natural | Artificial |
|---|---|
| Occurs naturally. | Performed deliberately by humans. |
| Potato, ginger, Bryophyllum. | Cutting, layering, grafting. |
| No special human technique required. | Human intervention is required. |
19. Spore Formation vs Vegetative Propagation
| Spore Formation | Vegetative Propagation |
|---|---|
| Produces spores. | Uses vegetative plant parts. |
| Common in fungi such as Rhizopus. | Common in plants. |
| Spores can disperse through air. | New plants develop from root, stem or leaf. |
| Sporangium may contain numerous spores. | Examples include potato and Bryophyllum. |
20. MCQs – Multiple Choice Questions
Q1. Which organism commonly reproduces by spore formation?
A) Rhizopus
B) Amoeba
C) Hydra
D) Planaria
Answer: A) Rhizopus
Rhizopus, a bread mould, commonly reproduces asexually by forming spores inside a sporangium.
Q2. Spores of Rhizopus are produced inside:
A) Anther
B) Sporangium
C) Ovary
D) Bud
Answer: B) Sporangium
Q3. The black spherical structure in Rhizopus is:
A) Root
B) Leaf
C) Sporangium
D) Rhizome
Answer: C) Sporangium
Q4. Spores are commonly dispersed by:
A) Air
B) Blood
C) Roots
D) Seeds
Answer: A) Air
Q5. Vegetative propagation occurs through:
A) Only flowers
B) Root, stem or leaf
C) Only pollen
D) Only seeds
Answer: B) Root, stem or leaf
Q6. Potato reproduces vegetatively through its:
A) Roots
B) Flowers
C) Eyes
D) Fruits
Answer: C) Eyes
Q7. Potato is considered a modified:
A) Root
B) Stem
C) Leaf
D) Flower
Answer: B) Stem
Q8. Vegetative propagation through leaves is demonstrated by:
A) Bryophyllum
B) Amoeba
C) Rhizopus
D) Plasmodium
Answer: A) Bryophyllum
Q9. In Bryophyllum, plantlets develop from:
A) Leaf margins
B) Roots only
C) Flowers
D) Fruits
Answer: A) Leaf margins
Q10. Ginger reproduces vegetatively through:
A) Rhizome
B) Flower
C) Seed only
D) Leaf blade
Answer: A) Rhizome
Q11. A rhizome is a modified:
A) Stem
B) Leaf
C) Flower
D) Root hair
Answer: A) Stem
Q12. Which is an artificial method of vegetative propagation?
A) Cutting
B) Binary fission
C) Budding
D) Spore formation
Answer: A) Cutting
Q13. Which is NOT an artificial vegetative propagation method?
A) Layering
B) Grafting
C) Cutting
D) Multiple fission
Answer: D) Multiple fission
Q14. In grafting, the rooted plant is called:
A) Scion
B) Stock
C) Spore
D) Bud
Answer: B) Stock
Q15. In grafting, the part attached to the stock is:
A) Scion
B) Root hair
C) Spore
D) Rhizome
Answer: A) Scion
Q16. Which of the following is an advantage of vegetative propagation?
A) Rapid production of plants
B) Always produces maximum variation
C) Requires fertilisation
D) Requires two parents
Answer: A) Rapid production of plants
Q17. Vegetative propagation generally produces:
A) Less variation
B) Maximum variation always
C) Only gametes
D) No offspring
Answer: A) Less variation
Q18. Which structure of potato is a bud?
A) Eye
B) Peel
C) Pulp
D) Root
Answer: A) Eye
Q19. Which plant is associated with leaf propagation?
A) Bryophyllum
B) Ginger
C) Potato
D) Sugarcane
Answer: A) Bryophyllum
Q20. A new plant produced from a stem cutting is an example of:
A) Artificial vegetative propagation
B) Sexual reproduction
C) Fertilisation
D) Pollination
Answer: A) Artificial vegetative propagation
Q21. Which condition is generally important for spore germination?
A) Suitable environmental conditions
B) Absence of all moisture
C) No nutrients
D) Complete darkness in every case
Answer: A) Suitable environmental conditions
Q22. Which part of Rhizopus bears the sporangium?
A) Sporangiophore
B) Root
C) Leaf
D) Flower
Answer: A) Sporangiophore
Q23. Which plant is commonly propagated through stem cuttings?
A) Rose
B) Mango seed only
C) Wheat grain
D) Rice seed
Answer: A) Rose
Q24. Which method involves bending a branch and covering part of it with soil?
A) Layering
B) Grafting
C) Spore formation
D) Fission
Answer: A) Layering
Q25. Which method joins a scion to a stock?
A) Grafting
B) Cutting
C) Layering
D) Fragmentation
Answer: A) Grafting
Q26. Which statement is correct about vegetative propagation?
A) It can produce plants without seeds.
B) It always requires fertilisation.
C) It always requires two parents.
D) It occurs only in fungi.
Answer: A) It can produce plants without seeds.
Q27. Which is a disadvantage of vegetative propagation?
A) Disease can pass from parent to offspring.
B) It always produces seeds.
C) It requires gamete fusion.
D) It cannot produce plants quickly.
Answer: A) Disease can pass from parent to offspring.
Q28. Spores are useful because they:
A) Can be produced in large numbers
B) Always require fertilisation
C) Are always seeds
D) Cannot disperse
Answer: A) Can be produced in large numbers
Q29. Which pair is correctly matched?
A) Potato – Eye
B) Bryophyllum – Rhizome
C) Rhizopus – Grafting
D) Ginger – Leaf margin buds
Answer: A) Potato – Eye
Q30. Which sequence represents spore formation?
A) Sporangium → Spores → Dispersal → Germination
B) Flower → Pollen → Grafting
C) Root → Gamete → Fertilisation
D) Scion → Spore → Seed
Answer: A) Sporangium → Spores → Dispersal → Germination
21. Subjective Questions with Answers
2 Marks
Q1. What is spore formation?
Spore formation is asexual reproduction in which specialised reproductive structures called spores are produced. Rhizopus reproduces by this method.
2 Marks
Q2. What is a sporangium?
A sporangium is a specialised structure in which spores are formed. In Rhizopus, spores are produced inside the sporangium.
2 Marks
Q3. What is vegetative propagation?
Vegetative propagation is asexual reproduction in plants in which new plants develop from vegetative parts such as roots, stems or leaves.
2 Marks
Q4. Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation.
Potato through eyes and Bryophyllum through leaf-margin buds.
2 Marks
Q5. Why is potato considered a stem?
Potato is a modified underground stem because it has eyes, which are buds capable of producing new shoots.
3 Marks
Q6. Explain spore formation in Rhizopus.
Rhizopus forms a sporangium at the tip of a sporangiophore. Numerous spores develop inside the sporangium. On maturity, the sporangium ruptures and releases spores, which are dispersed and may germinate under suitable conditions.
3 Marks
Q7. How does Bryophyllum reproduce vegetatively?
Small buds develop on the margins of Bryophyllum leaves. These buds develop into plantlets, which may detach and grow into independent plants.
3 Marks
Q8. Explain vegetative propagation in potato.
Potato is a modified underground stem or tuber. It has eyes that represent buds. Under suitable conditions, the eyes sprout and form new shoots, producing new potato plants.
3 Marks
Q9. What is artificial vegetative propagation?
It is deliberate propagation of plants by humans using vegetative parts. Cutting, layering and grafting are common methods.
3 Marks
Q10. Why are spores useful to fungi?
Spores can be produced in large numbers and dispersed easily. They can germinate when suitable environmental conditions become available.
4 Marks
Q11. Describe the structure and function of a Rhizopus sporangium.
The sporangium is a spherical structure present at the tip of a sporangiophore. It contains numerous spores. When mature, it releases the spores, which can disperse through air and germinate under favourable conditions.
4 Marks
Q12. Explain natural vegetative propagation with examples.
Natural vegetative propagation occurs without deliberate human intervention. Potato propagates through eyes on its tuber, ginger through its rhizome and Bryophyllum through buds on leaf margins.
4 Marks
Q13. Differentiate between natural and artificial vegetative propagation.
| Natural | Artificial |
|---|---|
| Occurs naturally. | Performed deliberately by humans. |
| Potato, ginger, Bryophyllum. | Cutting, layering, grafting. |
4 Marks
Q14. Write four advantages of vegetative propagation.
- Rapid production of plants.
- Only one parent is required.
- Plants can be produced without seeds.
- Useful characteristics of the parent can be retained.
4 Marks
Q15. Write two advantages and two limitations of vegetative propagation.
Advantages:
- Rapid multiplication.
- Useful characteristics can be retained.
- Less variation is generally produced.
- Diseases may pass from parent to new plants.
5 Marks
Q16. Explain spore formation in Rhizopus with a labelled diagram.
Rhizopus develops a sporangiophore bearing a sporangium at its tip. Numerous spores form inside the sporangium. At maturity, the sporangium ruptures and spores are released. They are dispersed by air and germinate under suitable conditions to form new organisms.
5 Marks
Q17. Explain vegetative propagation through potato and Bryophyllum.
Potato: The potato is a modified underground stem. Its eyes are buds that produce new shoots.
Bryophyllum: Small buds develop along the leaf margins. These develop into plantlets that can grow into independent plants.
Bryophyllum: Small buds develop along the leaf margins. These develop into plantlets that can grow into independent plants.
5 Marks
Q18. Explain artificial vegetative propagation.
Artificial vegetative propagation is carried out by humans. In cutting, a stem piece produces a new plant. In layering, a branch produces roots while attached to the parent. In grafting, a scion is joined to a suitable stock.
5 Marks
Q19. Explain why vegetative propagation is useful in agriculture and horticulture.
It allows rapid multiplication of plants and helps retain desirable characteristics of selected parent plants. It is also useful for plants that produce few or no viable seeds.
5 Marks
Q20. Explain the role of spores in the reproduction and dispersal of fungi.
Fungi such as Rhizopus produce numerous spores in sporangia. The spores are released and dispersed, often by air. When they reach favourable conditions, they germinate and develop into new fungal growth.
6 Marks
Q21. Describe the complete process of spore formation in Rhizopus.
- Rhizopus develops a sporangiophore.
- A sporangium forms at its tip.
- Numerous spores develop inside the sporangium.
- The sporangium matures.
- It ruptures and releases spores.
- Spores are dispersed by air.
- Under favourable conditions, spores germinate and form new fungal growth.
6 Marks
Q22. Explain natural vegetative propagation with suitable examples.
Stem: Potato – eyes; Ginger – rhizome; Strawberry – runners.
Leaf: Bryophyllum – buds along leaf margins.
These vegetative structures develop into new plants without the formation and germination of seeds.
Leaf: Bryophyllum – buds along leaf margins.
These vegetative structures develop into new plants without the formation and germination of seeds.
6 Marks
Q23. Describe cutting, layering and grafting.
Cutting: A suitable stem portion is separated from the parent and develops roots and shoots.
Layering: A branch is bent and a portion is covered with soil while attached to the parent. Roots develop before separation.
Grafting: A scion from one plant is joined to a compatible stock with an established root system.
Layering: A branch is bent and a portion is covered with soil while attached to the parent. Roots develop before separation.
Grafting: A scion from one plant is joined to a compatible stock with an established root system.
6 Marks
Q24. Compare spore formation and vegetative propagation.
| Spore Formation | Vegetative Propagation |
|---|---|
| Spores are produced. | Vegetative plant parts are used. |
| Common in fungi. | Common in plants. |
| Example: Rhizopus. | Examples: Potato, ginger, Bryophyllum. |
6 Marks
Q25. Explain the advantages and limitations of vegetative propagation.
Advantages:
- Rapid multiplication.
- One parent is sufficient.
- Plants can be produced without seeds.
- Desirable parental characteristics can be maintained.
- Generally produces less variation.
- Parent-borne diseases may be transmitted.
- Less variation may reduce adaptability to major environmental changes.
6 Marks
Q26. Why is potato a stem and not a root?
Potato is a modified underground stem because it possesses eyes. The eyes are buds capable of producing new shoots. Roots do not normally have such buds arranged as eyes. Therefore, potato is classified as a stem tuber.
6 Marks
Q27. Explain why vegetative propagation can be advantageous for maintaining desirable characters.
Vegetative propagation generally produces offspring genetically very similar to the parent, except for changes that may arise through DNA-copying or other biological processes. Therefore, desirable characteristics of a selected parent can be maintained more reliably than through sexual reproduction, which generally creates greater variation.
6 Marks
Q28. A farmer wants to rapidly produce many plants with the same desirable characteristics. Which method may be useful and why?
Vegetative propagation can be useful because it allows rapid multiplication from selected parent plants and generally retains the parent's desirable characteristics. Methods such as cutting, layering or grafting may be selected depending on the plant.
6 Marks
Q29. Explain how spore formation differs from seed formation.
Spore formation is generally an asexual method in which spores are produced without fusion of male and female gametes. Seed formation in flowering plants generally follows sexual reproduction involving gametes and fertilisation. Seeds contain an embryo and protective structures, whereas spores are usually single reproductive units capable of germination under suitable conditions.
6 Marks
Q30. Explain the complete concept of spore formation and vegetative propagation.
Asexual Reproduction
Spore formation is especially important in fungi such as Rhizopus, while vegetative propagation is an important method of asexual reproduction in plants.
→
Spore Formation
OR
Vegetative Propagation
→
Growth
→
New Organism / Plant
22. HOTS / Competency Based Questions
HOTS 1.
A student observes a black spherical structure at the tip of a fungal filament containing many tiny structures.
Identify the structure and method of reproduction.
Answer: The structure is a sporangium and the method is spore formation.
HOTS 2.
A potato is cut into pieces. Only pieces containing eyes are planted.
Why?
The eyes are buds capable of producing new shoots. Therefore, they can develop into new potato plants.
HOTS 3.
A leaf of Bryophyllum falls on moist soil and small plants appear around its margins.
Which process is responsible?
Vegetative propagation through leaf-margin buds.
HOTS 4.
Why might vegetative propagation be preferred when a farmer wants plants with characteristics similar to a selected parent?
Because vegetative propagation generally produces offspring genetically very similar to the parent and therefore helps retain desirable characteristics.
HOTS 5.
A fungal spore lands on a dry surface but does not germinate immediately. Explain.
Spore germination requires suitable environmental conditions such as adequate moisture, temperature and nutrients. If these conditions are not suitable, germination may not occur.
23. Important Diagram Labelling
Diagram 1 – Rhizopus
- Sporangium
- Spores
- Sporangiophore
- Hypha / Mycelium
- Potato tuber
- Eye
- Bud
- Leaf
- Leaf margin
- Bud
- Plantlet
- Stock
- Scion
- Graft union
24. CBSE Golden Points | परीक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु
- Rhizopus → Spore formation.
- Spore-producing structure → Sporangium.
- Sporangium contains numerous spores.
- Spores can be dispersed by air.
- Suitable conditions are needed for spore germination.
- Vegetative propagation → New plant from root, stem or leaf.
- Potato → Stem tuber.
- Potato eyes → Buds.
- Ginger → Rhizome.
- Bryophyllum → Leaf-margin buds.
- Cutting, layering and grafting → Artificial propagation.
- Grafting involves stock and scion.
- Vegetative propagation generally produces less variation than sexual reproduction.
- Vegetative propagation is useful for retaining desirable characteristics.
- Parent-borne diseases can sometimes be transmitted through vegetative propagation.
🧠 Memory Trick
R → Rhizopus → Spores
P → Potato → Eyes
G → Ginger → Rhizome
B → Bryophyllum → Leaf Buds
C → Cutting
L → Layering
G → Grafting
R → Rhizopus → Spores
P → Potato → Eyes
G → Ginger → Rhizome
B → Bryophyllum → Leaf Buds
C → Cutting
L → Layering
G → Grafting
25. One-Line Revision | एक पंक्ति में पुनरावृत्ति
Spore Formation:
Sporangium → Spores → Dispersal → Germination → New Organism
Vegetative Propagation: Root / Stem / Leaf → New Plant
Potato: Eye → Bud → New Plant
Bryophyllum: Leaf Margin Bud → Plantlet → New Plant
Ginger: Rhizome → Bud → New Shoot
Artificial: Cutting / Layering / Grafting
Vegetative Propagation: Root / Stem / Leaf → New Plant
Potato: Eye → Bud → New Plant
Bryophyllum: Leaf Margin Bud → Plantlet → New Plant
Ginger: Rhizome → Bud → New Shoot
Artificial: Cutting / Layering / Grafting
26. Complete Concept Flow
Asexual Reproduction
→
Spore Formation
+
Vegetative Propagation
Rhizopus
→
Sporangium
→
Spores
→
Germination
Potato
→
Eyes
→
New Plant
Bryophyllum
→
Leaf Buds
→
Plantlet
Exam Tip:
For CBSE answers, remember the important examples:
Rhizopus → Spore Formation
Potato → Eyes / Stem Tuber
Ginger → Rhizome
Bryophyllum → Leaf-margin Buds
Rose → Cutting
Layering → Branch + Soil
Grafting → Stock + Scion
For CBSE answers, remember the important examples:
Rhizopus → Spore Formation
Potato → Eyes / Stem Tuber
Ginger → Rhizome
Bryophyllum → Leaf-margin Buds
Rose → Cutting
Layering → Branch + Soil
Grafting → Stock + Scion
