🌸 How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Pollination and Fertilisation in Plants | पौधों में परागण एवं निषेचन
Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive
🌺 Pollination and Fertilisation in Plants
1. Introduction – परिचय
English:
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the formation and transfer of male reproductive cells, their delivery to the female reproductive structure, and fusion of male and female gametes. In flowering plants, pollination transfers pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. After successful pollen germination, a pollen tube grows towards an ovule. Fertilisation occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
हिन्दी:
पुष्पीय पौधों में लैंगिक जनन में नर जनन कोशिकाओं का निर्माण, उनका मादा जनन संरचना तक पहुँचना तथा नर एवं मादा युग्मकों का संलयन शामिल है। परागण में परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं। इसके बाद परागकण अंकुरित होकर परागनलिका बनाता है, जो बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है। नर और मादा युग्मक के संलयन को निषेचन कहते हैं।
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the formation and transfer of male reproductive cells, their delivery to the female reproductive structure, and fusion of male and female gametes. In flowering plants, pollination transfers pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. After successful pollen germination, a pollen tube grows towards an ovule. Fertilisation occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
हिन्दी:
पुष्पीय पौधों में लैंगिक जनन में नर जनन कोशिकाओं का निर्माण, उनका मादा जनन संरचना तक पहुँचना तथा नर एवं मादा युग्मकों का संलयन शामिल है। परागण में परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं। इसके बाद परागकण अंकुरित होकर परागनलिका बनाता है, जो बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है। नर और मादा युग्मक के संलयन को निषेचन कहते हैं।
Anther → Pollen → Stigma → Pollen Tube → Ovule → Fertilisation → Zygote
परागकोष → परागकण → वर्तिकाग्र → परागनलिका → बीजांड → निषेचन → युग्मनज
परागकोष → परागकण → वर्तिकाग्र → परागनलिका → बीजांड → निषेचन → युग्मनज
2. Reproductive Parts Involved
| Structure | Role in Reproduction |
|---|---|
| Anther / परागकोष | Produces pollen grains. |
| Filament / तंतु | Supports the anther. |
| Stigma / वर्तिकाग्र | Receives pollen grains. |
| Style / वर्तिका | Provides pathway for pollen tube growth. |
| Ovary / अंडाशय | Contains ovules. |
| Ovule / बीजांड | Contains the female reproductive structure. |
3. What is Pollination? – परागण क्या है?
Definition:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
परिभाषा:
परागण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं।
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
परिभाषा:
परागण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं।
Pollination = Transfer of Pollen from Anther → Stigma
परागण = परागकोष → वर्तिकाग्र
परागण = परागकोष → वर्तिकाग्र
Important CBSE Point:
Pollination is NOT fertilisation. Pollination is only the transfer of pollen grains.
4. Types of Pollination – परागण के प्रकार
① Self-Pollination – स्व-परागण
Pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.परागकण उसी फूल या उसी पौधे के दूसरे फूल के वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं।
② Cross-Pollination – पर-परागण
Pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.परागकण उसी प्रजाति के दूसरे पौधे के फूल के वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं।
| Self-Pollination | Cross-Pollination |
|---|---|
| Same flower or same plant | Different plants of same species |
| Usually less pollen wastage | May involve greater pollen transfer distance |
| Generally maintains existing genetic combination | Generally promotes genetic variation |
5. Agents of Pollination – परागण के माध्यम
Pollination may occur through different agents:
- Wind / वायु – pollen carried by air.
- Water / जल – occurs in some aquatic plants.
- Insects / कीट – bees, butterflies, etc.
- Birds / पक्षी – may transfer pollen between flowers.
- Other animals / अन्य जन्तु – some animals can act as pollinators.
6. Germination of Pollen Grain – परागकण का अंकुरण
After a compatible pollen grain lands on the stigma, it may absorb moisture and germinate. A pollen tube develops and grows through the style towards the ovary and an ovule.
वर्तिकाग्र पर उपयुक्त परागकण पहुँचने के बाद वह नमी ग्रहण करके अंकुरित हो सकता है। इससे परागनलिका बनती है जो वर्तिका से होकर अंडाशय तथा बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है।
वर्तिकाग्र पर उपयुक्त परागकण पहुँचने के बाद वह नमी ग्रहण करके अंकुरित हो सकता है। इससे परागनलिका बनती है जो वर्तिका से होकर अंडाशय तथा बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है।
Pollen Grain → Germination → Pollen Tube → Style → Ovule
7. Animated Pollen Tube Diagram
8. Fertilisation – निषेचन
English:
Fertilisation is the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete. In flowering plants, the male gamete is delivered through the pollen tube to the female reproductive structure inside the ovule.
हिन्दी:
निषेचन नर युग्मक और मादा युग्मक के संलयन की प्रक्रिया है। पुष्पीय पौधों में परागनलिका नर युग्मक को बीजांड के अंदर स्थित मादा जनन संरचना तक पहुँचाती है।
Fertilisation is the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete. In flowering plants, the male gamete is delivered through the pollen tube to the female reproductive structure inside the ovule.
हिन्दी:
निषेचन नर युग्मक और मादा युग्मक के संलयन की प्रक्रिया है। पुष्पीय पौधों में परागनलिका नर युग्मक को बीजांड के अंदर स्थित मादा जनन संरचना तक पहुँचाती है।
Male Gamete + Female Gamete → Zygote
नर युग्मक + मादा युग्मक → युग्मनज
नर युग्मक + मादा युग्मक → युग्मनज
9. Pollination vs Fertilisation
| Pollination / परागण | Fertilisation / निषेचन |
|---|---|
| Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. | Fusion of male and female gametes. |
| Occurs before fertilisation. | Occurs after successful pollen delivery. |
| No zygote is formed directly. | Zygote is formed. |
| Involves pollen transfer. | Involves gamete fusion. |
10. Double Fertilisation – द्विनिषेचन
Double fertilisation is a special feature of flowering plants.
Two male gametes participate:
हिन्दी: पुष्पीय पौधों में दो नर युग्मक भाग लेते हैं:
- One male gamete fuses with the egg to form the zygote.
- The second male gamete fuses with the polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus.
हिन्दी: पुष्पीय पौधों में दो नर युग्मक भाग लेते हैं:
- एक नर युग्मक अंड कोशिका से मिलकर युग्मनज बनाता है।
- दूसरा नर युग्मक ध्रुवीय नाभिकों से मिलकर प्राथमिक एण्डोस्पर्म नाभिक बनाता है।
Male Gamete 1 + Egg → Zygote
Male Gamete 2 + Polar Nuclei → Primary Endosperm Nucleus
Male Gamete 2 + Polar Nuclei → Primary Endosperm Nucleus
11. Concept Diagram – Double Fertilisation
12. Changes After Fertilisation
| Structure | Usually develops into |
|---|---|
| Zygote / युग्मनज | Embryo / भ्रूण |
| Ovule / बीजांड | Seed / बीज |
| Ovary / अंडाशय | Fruit / फल |
| Endosperm | Nourishes developing embryo in many flowering plants |
Golden Rule:
Ovule → Seed | Ovary → Fruit | Zygote → Embryo
Ovule → Seed | Ovary → Fruit | Zygote → Embryo
13. Importance of Pollination
Pollination is important because it:
- Brings pollen to the stigma.
- Allows pollen germination.
- Enables pollen tube formation.
- Allows male gametes to reach the female reproductive structure.
- Makes sexual reproduction possible in flowering plants.
- Cross-pollination can contribute to genetic variation.
14. Role of Pollinators
English:
Pollinators such as bees, butterflies, birds and other animals may carry pollen between flowers. Their movement can help achieve pollination.
हिन्दी:
मधुमक्खियाँ, तितलियाँ, पक्षी तथा अन्य जन्तु फूलों के बीच परागकणों को स्थानांतरित कर सकते हैं। इस प्रकार वे परागण में सहायता करते हैं।
Pollinators such as bees, butterflies, birds and other animals may carry pollen between flowers. Their movement can help achieve pollination.
हिन्दी:
मधुमक्खियाँ, तितलियाँ, पक्षी तथा अन्य जन्तु फूलों के बीच परागकणों को स्थानांतरित कर सकते हैं। इस प्रकार वे परागण में सहायता करते हैं।
15. Conditions for Successful Fertilisation
For successful fertilisation:
- Pollen must reach a suitable stigma.
- The pollen grain must germinate.
- A pollen tube must grow towards an ovule.
- Male gamete must reach the female reproductive structure.
- Male and female gametes must fuse.
16. 30 MCQs – CBSE + Foundation + Competitive
Q1. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from:
A) Ovary to ovule
B) Anther to stigma
C) Stigma to anther
D) Ovule to ovary
Answer: B
Pollination is transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
Q2. The male reproductive structure of a flower is:
A) Stamen
B) Pistil
C) Ovary
D) Stigma
Answer: A
Q3. Which part receives pollen grains?
A) Anther
B) Filament
C) Stigma
D) Ovary
Answer: C
Q4. Fertilisation is:
A) Pollen transfer
B) Seed dispersal
C) Germination of seed
D) Fusion of male and female gametes
Answer: D
Q5. The product of fertilisation is:
A) Zygote
B) Pollen
C) Stigma
D) Ovule
Answer: A
Q6. Self-pollination occurs when pollen reaches:
A) A root
B) A leaf
C) The stigma of the same flower or same plant
D) A different species
Answer: C
Q7. Cross-pollination occurs between:
A) Roots of two plants
B) Different plants of the same species
C) Different organs of a flower
D) Different species only
Answer: B
Q8. The pollen tube generally grows through the:
A) Style
B) Petal
C) Filament
D) Sepal
Answer: A
Q9. The ovary contains:
A) Pollen grains
B) Filaments
C) Petals
D) Ovules
Answer: D
Q10. Which structure generally develops into a seed?
A) Stigma
B) Ovule
C) Anther
D) Style
Answer: B
Q11. Which structure generally develops into a fruit?
A) Ovary
B) Ovule
C) Stigma
D) Pollen
Answer: A
Q12. Which is an agent of pollination?
A) Root
B) Leaf
C) Insect
D) Stem
Answer: C
Q13. Which of the following is NOT pollination?
A) Transfer of pollen to stigma
B) Pollen transfer by insects
C) Pollen transfer by wind
D) Fusion of gametes
Answer: D
Q14. Pollen grains are produced in the:
A) Ovary
B) Anther
C) Stigma
D) Ovule
Answer: B
Q15. After pollination, a pollen grain may form a:
A) Pollen tube
B) Seed coat
C) Fruit
D) Sepal
Answer: A
Q16. Which statement is correct?
A) Fertilisation occurs before pollination.
B) Pollination directly forms a zygote.
C) Pollination generally precedes fertilisation.
D) Anther contains ovules.
Answer: C
Q17. Double fertilisation is characteristic of:
A) Flowering plants
B) Bacteria
C) All fungi
D) All algae
Answer: A
Q18. In double fertilisation, one male gamete fuses with:
A) Petal
B) Egg
C) Sepal
D) Filament
Answer: B
Q19. The second male gamete in double fertilisation fuses with:
A) Stigma
B) Ovary wall
C) Polar nuclei
D) Petal
Answer: C
Q20. Fusion of the male gamete with the egg forms:
A) Endosperm
B) Pollen
C) Fruit
D) Zygote
Answer: D
Q21. Which sequence is correct?
A) Anther → Pollen → Stigma → Pollen tube
B) Ovule → Anther → Pollen
C) Stigma → Petal → Anther
D) Ovary → Sepal → Pollen
Answer: A
Q22. Which process generally increases genetic variation?
A) Self-pollination only
B) Cross-pollination
C) Vegetative propagation
D) Budding
Answer: B
Q23. Which is a common pollinating insect?
A) Earthworm
B) Fish
C) Bee
D) Snake
Answer: C
Q24. The pollen tube is important because it:
A) Produces petals
B) Forms roots
C) Produces fruit directly
D) Carries male gametes towards the female reproductive structure
Answer: D
Q25. Which statement about the stigma is correct?
A) It receives pollen.
B) It produces seeds directly.
C) It produces roots.
D) It contains the anther.
Answer: A
Q26. Which sequence represents the correct reproductive pathway?
A) Ovule → Pollen → Anther
B) Anther → Stigma → Pollen tube → Ovule
C) Ovary → Stigma → Petal
D) Petal → Ovule → Anther
Answer: B
Q27. The zygote develops into:
A) Pollen
B) Anther
C) Embryo
D) Stigma
Answer: C
Q28. Which pair is correctly matched?
A) Anther – pollen production
B) Ovary – pollen production
C) Stigma – seed formation directly
D) Filament – ovule production
Answer: A
Q29. Which event occurs first?
A) Zygote formation
B) Embryo formation
C) Pollination
D) Seed formation
Answer: C
Q30. Which statement best distinguishes pollination from fertilisation?
A) Both are exactly the same.
B) Pollination involves pollen transfer; fertilisation involves gamete fusion.
C) Pollination forms zygote directly.
D) Fertilisation is only pollen transfer.
Answer: B
17. 30 Subjective Questions with Answers
2 Marks
Q1. Define pollination.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
2 Marks
Q2. Define fertilisation.
Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
2 Marks
Q3. Name two types of pollination.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination.
2 Marks
Q4. What is the role of stigma?
The stigma receives pollen grains and provides a surface on which compatible pollen can germinate.
2 Marks
Q5. What is formed after fusion of male and female gametes?
A zygote is formed.
3 Marks
Q6. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Self-pollination occurs in the same flower or same plant. Cross-pollination occurs between different plants of the same species.
3 Marks
Q7. What happens when pollen lands on a suitable stigma?
The pollen may germinate, form a pollen tube and the tube grows through the style towards an ovule.
3 Marks
Q8. Name three agents of pollination.
Wind, insects and birds are examples of pollinating agents.
3 Marks
Q9. What is the role of pollen tube?
The pollen tube grows through the style towards the ovule and provides a pathway for the male gametes.
3 Marks
Q10. Distinguish between pollination and fertilisation.
Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilisation is fusion of male and female gametes. Pollination occurs before fertilisation.
4 Marks
Q11. Explain the process of pollination.
Pollen grains produced in the anther are transferred to the stigma by wind, water, insects, birds or other agents. This transfer is called pollination.
4 Marks
Q12. Explain the events following pollination.
After pollen reaches a suitable stigma, it germinates and forms a pollen tube. The tube grows through the style towards the ovary and reaches an ovule. Male gametes are delivered through the pollen tube.
4 Marks
Q13. What is cross-pollination? Why is it important?
Cross-pollination is transfer of pollen between flowers on different plants of the same species. It can promote genetic variation in offspring.
4 Marks
Q14. Explain fertilisation in flowering plants.
The pollen tube reaches the ovule and delivers the male gamete. The male gamete fuses with the female gamete. This fusion forms a zygote and is called fertilisation.
4 Marks
Q15. What happens to the ovule and ovary after fertilisation?
The ovule generally develops into a seed and the ovary generally develops into a fruit.
5 Marks
Q16. Explain self-pollination and cross-pollination with examples or situations.
Self-pollination occurs when pollen reaches the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen reaches a flower on another plant of the same species. Cross-pollination generally promotes greater genetic variation.
5 Marks
Q17. Explain the complete pathway of pollen from anther to ovule.
Anther produces pollen → pollen is transferred to stigma → pollen germinates → pollen tube develops → pollen tube grows through style → reaches ovary and an ovule → male gametes are delivered.
5 Marks
Q18. Explain the role of insects in pollination.
Insects such as bees and butterflies visit flowers for nectar or other resources. Pollen may stick to their bodies and be carried to another flower, thereby helping transfer pollen to the stigma.
5 Marks
Q19. Explain the importance of pollination in sexual reproduction.
Pollination brings pollen grains to the stigma. It allows pollen germination and pollen tube formation. The pollen tube delivers male gametes towards the female reproductive structure, making fertilisation possible.
5 Marks
Q20. Explain the changes after fertilisation.
The zygote develops into an embryo. The ovule generally develops into a seed and the ovary generally develops into a fruit. The developing embryo is nourished by stored or developing food tissues such as endosperm in many flowering plants.
6 Marks
Q21. Explain pollination and fertilisation in flowering plants in sequence.
Pollen grains are produced in the anther. During pollination, pollen is transferred to the stigma. A compatible pollen grain germinates and forms a pollen tube. The tube grows through the style and reaches an ovule. Male gametes are delivered and one fuses with the female gamete to form a zygote. This fusion is fertilisation.
6 Marks
Q22. Explain double fertilisation.
In flowering plants, two male gametes participate. One male gamete fuses with the egg to form a zygote. The second male gamete fuses with the polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus. This is called double fertilisation.
6 Marks
Q23. Describe the role of stigma, style and ovule in fertilisation.
Stigma receives pollen. The style provides the pathway for pollen tube growth. The pollen tube reaches an ovule, where the male gamete is delivered to the female reproductive structure for fertilisation.
6 Marks
Q24. Explain the difference between pollination and fertilisation with a suitable sequence.
Pollination is pollen transfer from anther to stigma. Fertilisation is fusion of male and female gametes. The sequence is: anther → pollen → stigma → pollen tube → ovule → gamete fusion → zygote.
6 Marks
Q25. Explain the importance of cross-pollination.
Cross-pollination transfers pollen between different plants of the same species. It promotes mixing of genetic material from different plants and can increase genetic variation in offspring. Variation is important for adaptation and evolution.
6 Marks
Q26. Explain how pollen tube formation helps fertilisation.
After pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it germinates and produces a pollen tube. The tube grows through the style towards an ovule. It provides a route for male gametes to reach the female reproductive structure, allowing gamete fusion.
6 Marks
Q27. Explain the role of pollinating agents.
Wind, water in some aquatic plants, insects, birds and other animals can transfer pollen between flowers. Insects may be attracted by colour, scent or nectar. These agents help pollen reach a suitable stigma.
6 Marks
Q28. Explain the sequence from pollination to seed formation.
Pollination occurs → pollen germinates → pollen tube grows → male gamete reaches ovule → fertilisation occurs → zygote forms → embryo develops → ovule generally develops into seed.
6 Marks
Q29. Why is fertilisation important for sexual reproduction?
Fertilisation combines genetic material from male and female gametes. It produces a zygote, which develops into an embryo and ultimately a new organism. Thus, it is a central event in sexual reproduction.
6 Marks
Q30. Describe the complete reproductive process in a flowering plant from pollen production to fruit formation.
Anther produces pollen → pollen reaches stigma by pollination → pollen germinates → pollen tube grows through style → male gamete reaches ovule → fertilisation forms zygote → zygote develops into embryo → ovule becomes seed → ovary generally develops into fruit.
18. HOTS / Competency-Based Questions
HOTS 1. If pollen reaches the stigma but no pollen tube develops, what is likely to happen?
The male gamete may not reach the female reproductive structure, so successful fertilisation may not occur.
HOTS 2. Why is pollination necessary before normal fertilisation in flowering plants?
Pollen contains the male reproductive cells. It must reach the stigma so that a pollen tube can form and deliver male gametes towards the female reproductive structure.
HOTS 3. A bee visits Flower A and then Flower B of the same species. How can this help reproduction?
Pollen from Flower A may be carried on the bee and deposited on the stigma of Flower B, causing cross-pollination.
HOTS 4. A flower undergoes pollination but fertilisation does not occur. Will a zygote form?
No. A zygote forms only after successful fusion of male and female gametes.
HOTS 5. Why can cross-pollination be advantageous for a plant population?
It can bring genetic material from different plants together and therefore increase genetic variation among offspring.
19. Diagram Labelling Practice
Label the following structures in a pollen tube diagram:
- Stigma / वर्तिकाग्र
- Style / वर्तिका
- Ovary / अंडाशय
- Ovule / बीजांड
- Pollen grain / परागकण
- Pollen tube / परागनलिका
- Male gametes / नर युग्मक
- Egg / अंड कोशिका
20. CBSE Golden Points
Anther → Pollen
Pollen → Stigma
Stigma → Germination
Style → Pollen Tube
Ovule → Seed
Ovary → Fruit
Gamete Fusion → Zygote
Zygote → Embryo
- Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
- Self-pollination occurs in the same flower or same plant.
- Cross-pollination occurs between different plants of the same species.
- Pollen grains are produced in the anther.
- Pollen germination can produce a pollen tube.
- Pollen tube grows through the style towards an ovule.
- Fertilisation is fusion of male and female gametes.
- Fertilisation produces a zygote.
- Zygote develops into an embryo.
- Ovule generally develops into a seed.
- Ovary generally develops into a fruit.
- Double fertilisation is characteristic of flowering plants.
21. Easy Memory Trick
Remember the sequence:
A → P → S → T → O → F → Z
A = Anther
P = Pollen
S = Stigma
T = Pollen Tube
O = Ovule
F = Fertilisation
Z = Zygote
Hindi Trick:
“पराग आया, वर्तिकाग्र पाया, नलिका बनाई, बीजांड तक गई, युग्मनज बनाई।”
A → P → S → T → O → F → Z
A = Anther
P = Pollen
S = Stigma
T = Pollen Tube
O = Ovule
F = Fertilisation
Z = Zygote
Hindi Trick:
“पराग आया, वर्तिकाग्र पाया, नलिका बनाई, बीजांड तक गई, युग्मनज बनाई।”
22. One-Line Revision
Anther
↓
Pollen
↓
Stigma
↓
Pollen Tube
↓
Ovule
↓
Male + Female Gamete
↓
Fertilisation
↓
Zygote
↓
Embryo
↓
Seed + Fruit
23. Complete Concept Map
🌸 COMPLETE REPRODUCTIVE FLOW OF A FLOWERING PLANT
Flower
↓
Stamen + Pistil
↓
Anther produces pollen
↓
Pollination
↓
Pollen reaches stigma
↓
Pollen germination
↓
Pollen tube formation
↓
Pollen tube grows through style
↓
Ovule
↓
Male gamete reaches female reproductive structure
↓
Fertilisation
↓
Zygote
↓
Embryo
↓
Ovule → Seed
Ovary → Fruit
Flower
↓
Stamen + Pistil
↓
Anther produces pollen
↓
Pollination
↓
Pollen reaches stigma
↓
Pollen germination
↓
Pollen tube formation
↓
Pollen tube grows through style
↓
Ovule
↓
Male gamete reaches female reproductive structure
↓
Fertilisation
↓
Zygote
↓
Embryo
↓
Ovule → Seed
Ovary → Fruit
24. Final Exam Summary
English:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. It may be self-pollination or cross-pollination. After reaching a suitable stigma, pollen can germinate and produce a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows through the style towards an ovule and carries male gametes. Fertilisation occurs when a male gamete fuses with the female gamete, producing a zygote. In flowering plants, double fertilisation involves the formation of a zygote and the primary endosperm nucleus. The zygote develops into an embryo, the ovule generally becomes a seed and the ovary generally becomes a fruit.
हिन्दी:
परागण में परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं। यह स्व-परागण या पर-परागण हो सकता है। उपयुक्त वर्तिकाग्र पर परागकण अंकुरित होकर परागनलिका बनाता है। परागनलिका वर्तिका से होकर बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है और नर युग्मक को पहुँचाती है। नर एवं मादा युग्मकों के संलयन से युग्मनज बनता है, जिसे निषेचन कहते हैं। पुष्पीय पौधों में द्विनिषेचन एक विशेष प्रक्रिया है। निषेचन के बाद युग्मनज भ्रूण, बीजांड सामान्यतः बीज और अंडाशय सामान्यतः फल में विकसित होता है।
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. It may be self-pollination or cross-pollination. After reaching a suitable stigma, pollen can germinate and produce a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows through the style towards an ovule and carries male gametes. Fertilisation occurs when a male gamete fuses with the female gamete, producing a zygote. In flowering plants, double fertilisation involves the formation of a zygote and the primary endosperm nucleus. The zygote develops into an embryo, the ovule generally becomes a seed and the ovary generally becomes a fruit.
हिन्दी:
परागण में परागकण परागकोष से वर्तिकाग्र तक पहुँचते हैं। यह स्व-परागण या पर-परागण हो सकता है। उपयुक्त वर्तिकाग्र पर परागकण अंकुरित होकर परागनलिका बनाता है। परागनलिका वर्तिका से होकर बीजांड की ओर बढ़ती है और नर युग्मक को पहुँचाती है। नर एवं मादा युग्मकों के संलयन से युग्मनज बनता है, जिसे निषेचन कहते हैं। पुष्पीय पौधों में द्विनिषेचन एक विशेष प्रक्रिया है। निषेचन के बाद युग्मनज भ्रूण, बीजांड सामान्यतः बीज और अंडाशय सामान्यतः फल में विकसित होता है।
