Carbon and Its Compounds
Important Experiments and Activities | महत्वपूर्ण प्रयोग एवं गतिविधियाँ
Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive
Important Experiments and Activities
1. Introduction | परिचय
The chapter Carbon and Its Compounds contains several
important activities that demonstrate:
- Properties of carbon compounds
- Combustion
- Oxidation
- Reaction with sodium
- Reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates
- Esterification
- Soap formation
- Cleansing action of soap
2. Activity 1 – Burning of Carbon Compounds
गतिविधि 1 – कार्बन यौगिकों का दहन
गतिविधि 1 – कार्बन यौगिकों का दहन
Experiment | प्रयोग
Objective: To observe the combustion of a carbon compound.Procedure: Take a small quantity of a carbon compound such as ethanol and burn it carefully.
उद्देश्य: कार्बन यौगिक के दहन का अध्ययन करना।
प्रक्रिया: एथेनॉल की थोड़ी मात्रा लेकर उसे सावधानीपूर्वक जलाया जाता है।
Observation | अवलोकन:
Ethanol burns with a clean flame and produces heat.
एथेनॉल जलने पर ज्वाला तथा ऊष्मा उत्पन्न करता है।
एथेनॉल जलने पर ज्वाला तथा ऊष्मा उत्पन्न करता है।
C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat
Conclusion:
Carbon compounds undergo combustion and release energy.
निष्कर्ष: कार्बन यौगिक दहन के दौरान ऊर्जा मुक्त करते हैं।
निष्कर्ष: कार्बन यौगिक दहन के दौरान ऊर्जा मुक्त करते हैं।
Precaution:
Perform the activity away from inflammable materials.
ज्वलनशील पदार्थों से दूर प्रयोग करें।
ज्वलनशील पदार्थों से दूर प्रयोग करें।
3. Activity 2 – Oxidation of Ethanol
गतिविधि 2 – एथेनॉल का ऑक्सीकरण
गतिविधि 2 – एथेनॉल का ऑक्सीकरण
Experiment | प्रयोग
Objective: To study oxidation of ethanol.Ethanol is oxidised using an oxidising agent such as alkaline KMnO₄ or acidified K₂Cr₂O₇.
CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
Observation:
Ethanol is converted into ethanoic acid.
अवलोकन: एथेनॉल ऑक्सीकरण के बाद एथेनोइक अम्ल में परिवर्तित होता है।
अवलोकन: एथेनॉल ऑक्सीकरण के बाद एथेनोइक अम्ल में परिवर्तित होता है।
Conclusion:
Ethanol undergoes oxidation to form ethanoic acid.
4. Activity 3 – Ethanol and Sodium
गतिविधि 3 – एथेनॉल और सोडियम
गतिविधि 3 – एथेनॉल और सोडियम
Experiment | प्रयोग
Objective: To observe the reaction of ethanol with sodium.Small pieces of sodium are carefully added to ethanol under appropriate laboratory supervision.
2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑
Observation | अवलोकन:
Effervescence is observed because hydrogen gas is evolved.
हाइड्रोजन गैस निकलने के कारण बुलबुले दिखाई देते हैं।
हाइड्रोजन गैस निकलने के कारण बुलबुले दिखाई देते हैं।
Products:
Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen
उत्पाद: सोडियम एथॉक्साइड + हाइड्रोजन
उत्पाद: सोडियम एथॉक्साइड + हाइड्रोजन
Sodium is highly reactive. This activity should be performed
only under proper teacher/laboratory supervision.
सोडियम अत्यधिक क्रियाशील होता है। यह प्रयोग केवल शिक्षक/ प्रयोगशाला की उचित देखरेख में किया जाना चाहिए।
सोडियम अत्यधिक क्रियाशील होता है। यह प्रयोग केवल शिक्षक/ प्रयोगशाला की उचित देखरेख में किया जाना चाहिए।
5. Activity 4 – Dehydration of Ethanol
गतिविधि 4 – एथेनॉल का निर्जलीकरण
गतिविधि 4 – एथेनॉल का निर्जलीकरण
Experiment | प्रयोग
Ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid under controlled conditions.
C₂H₅OH
↓
Conc. H₂SO₄, 443 K
↓
C₂H₄ + H₂O
↓
Conc. H₂SO₄, 443 K
↓
C₂H₄ + H₂O
Observation:
Ethene is formed.
अवलोकन: एथीन गैस बनती है।
अवलोकन: एथीन गैस बनती है।
Conclusion:
Removal of water from ethanol produces ethene.
6. Activity 5 – Addition Reaction
गतिविधि 5 – योगात्मक अभिक्रिया
गतिविधि 5 – योगात्मक अभिक्रिया
Hydrogenation of Ethene | एथीन का हाइड्रोजनीकरण
Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst.
CH₂=CH₂ + H₂
↓ Ni
CH₃–CH₃
↓ Ni
CH₃–CH₃
The double bond of ethene is converted into a single bond.
Product: Ethane
उत्पाद: एथेन
उत्पाद: एथेन
7. Activity 6 – Substitution Reaction
गतिविधि 6 – प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया
गतिविधि 6 – प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया
Chlorination of Methane | मीथेन का क्लोरीनीकरण
Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
CH₄ + Cl₂
↓ Sunlight
CH₃Cl + HCl
↓ Sunlight
CH₃Cl + HCl
One hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by chlorine.
This is a substitution reaction.
यह एक प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया है।
यह एक प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया है।
8. Activity 7 – Ethanoic Acid and Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
गतिविधि 7 – एथेनोइक अम्ल और सोडियम हाइड्रोजन कार्बोनेट
गतिविधि 7 – एथेनोइक अम्ल और सोडियम हाइड्रोजन कार्बोनेट
Experiment | प्रयोग
Ethanoic acid is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃
→
CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑
Observation:
Brisk effervescence occurs due to the evolution of carbon
dioxide gas.
अवलोकन: CO₂ गैस निकलने के कारण तीव्र बुलबुले बनते हैं।
अवलोकन: CO₂ गैस निकलने के कारण तीव्र बुलबुले बनते हैं।
The evolved gas turns lime water milky.
निकली हुई गैस चूने के पानी को दूधिया कर देती है।
निकली हुई गैस चूने के पानी को दूधिया कर देती है।
9. Activity 8 – Test of Carbon Dioxide with Lime Water
गतिविधि 8 – चूने के पानी से CO₂ की जाँच
गतिविधि 8 – चूने के पानी से CO₂ की जाँच
Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
Observation:
Lime water turns milky because insoluble calcium carbonate
is formed.
अवलोकन: अघुलनशील कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट बनने के कारण चूने का पानी दूधिया हो जाता है।
अवलोकन: अघुलनशील कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट बनने के कारण चूने का पानी दूधिया हो जाता है।
Conclusion:
Milky lime water is a common test for CO₂.
10. Activity 9 – Esterification
गतिविधि 9 – एस्टरीकरण
गतिविधि 9 – एस्टरीकरण
Experiment | प्रयोग
Ethanoic acid and ethanol are heated together in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH
⇌
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Observation:
A pleasant fruity smell may be noticed due to the formation
of an ester.
अवलोकन: एस्टर बनने के कारण सुखद फल जैसी गंध महसूस हो सकती है।
अवलोकन: एस्टर बनने के कारण सुखद फल जैसी गंध महसूस हो सकती है।
Product: Ethyl ethanoate
उत्पाद: एथिल एथेनोएट
उत्पाद: एथिल एथेनोएट
Concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive and must be handled
only under proper laboratory supervision.
11. Activity 10 – Saponification
गतिविधि 10 – साबुनीकरण
गतिविधि 10 – साबुनीकरण
Ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium salt and
alcohol.
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH
→
CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester is called
saponification.
एस्टर का क्षारीय जल अपघटन साबुनीकरण कहलाता है।
एस्टर का क्षारीय जल अपघटन साबुनीकरण कहलाता है।
12. Activity 11 – Preparation of Soap
गतिविधि 11 – साबुन का निर्माण
गतिविधि 11 – साबुन का निर्माण
Fats or oils are heated with sodium hydroxide.
Fat/Oil + NaOH
→
Glycerol + Soap
The soap produced is generally a sodium salt of a long-chain
fatty acid.
बना हुआ साबुन सामान्यतः लंबी श्रृंखला वाले वसीय अम्ल का सोडियम लवण होता है।
बना हुआ साबुन सामान्यतः लंबी श्रृंखला वाले वसीय अम्ल का सोडियम लवण होता है।
Products:
Glycerol + Soap
उत्पाद: ग्लिसरॉल + साबुन
उत्पाद: ग्लिसरॉल + साबुन
13. Activity 12 – Soap in Hard Water
गतिविधि 12 – कठोर जल में साबुन
गतिविधि 12 – कठोर जल में साबुन
Add soap solution to hard water containing Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ ions.
2RCOONa + CaCl₂
→
(RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl
Observation:
An insoluble curdy substance called scum is formed.
अवलोकन: अघुलनशील दही जैसा पदार्थ बनता है जिसे स्कम कहते हैं।
अवलोकन: अघुलनशील दही जैसा पदार्थ बनता है जिसे स्कम कहते हैं।
Soap does not work efficiently in hard water because some soap
is consumed in forming insoluble calcium/magnesium salts.
14. Activity 13 – Cleansing Action of Soap
गतिविधि 13 – साबुन की सफाई क्रिया
गतिविधि 13 – साबुन की सफाई क्रिया
Soap molecules contain two different parts:
1. Hydrophobic tail → Attracted to oil and grease.
2. Hydrophilic head → Interacts with water.
Soap molecules surround oil/grease particles and form micelles.
1. Hydrophobic tail → Attracted to oil and grease.
2. Hydrophilic head → Interacts with water.
Soap molecules surround oil/grease particles and form micelles.
Oil/Grease + Soap → Micelle → Washing with Water → Clean Surface
The dirt/grease becomes suspended in water and can be removed
during washing.
गंदगी और चिकनाई पानी में निलंबित होकर धुलाई के दौरान हट जाती है।
गंदगी और चिकनाई पानी में निलंबित होकर धुलाई के दौरान हट जाती है।
15. Activity 14 – Soap vs Detergent in Hard Water
गतिविधि 14 – कठोर जल में साबुन एवं डिटर्जेंट
गतिविधि 14 – कठोर जल में साबुन एवं डिटर्जेंट
| Property | Soap | Detergent |
|---|---|---|
| Hard Water | Forms scum | Generally works better |
| Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ | Forms insoluble salts | Usually does not form the same insoluble scum |
| Cleansing | Reduced in hard water | Effective in hard water |
Conclusion:
Detergents are generally preferred for washing in hard water.
16. Important Activities Summary
महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियों का सार
महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियों का सार
| Activity | Observation | Important Equation |
|---|---|---|
| Combustion of ethanol | Heat and flame | C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O |
| Oxidation of ethanol | Ethanoic acid formed | CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O |
| Ethanol + Sodium | H₂ bubbles | 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂ |
| Dehydration | Ethene formed | C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O |
| Ethanoic acid + NaHCO₃ | CO₂ effervescence | CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂ |
| CO₂ + Lime water | Lime water turns milky | Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O |
| Esterification | Fruity smell | CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O |
| Saponification | Salt + alcohol | Ester + NaOH → Salt + Alcohol |
| Soap + Hard water | Scum formation | 2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca + 2NaCl |
17. 30 MCQs | बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न
Q1. Which gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium?
A) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Chlorine
Answer: A
Q2. Ethanol is oxidised to:
A) Ethane
B) Ethanoic acid
C) Ethene
D) Methane
Answer: B
Q3. Which catalyst is commonly used in hydrogenation?
A) Fe
B) Cu
C) Ni
D) Zn
Answer: C
Q4. Ethanol on dehydration produces:
A) Ethane
B) Methane
C) Ethanoic acid
D) Ethene
Answer: D
Q5. The gas evolved from ethanoic acid and NaHCO₃ is:
A) CO₂
B) H₂
C) O₂
D) N₂
Answer: A
Q6. CO₂ turns lime water:
A) Blue
B) Milky
C) Green
D) Red
Answer: B
Q7. The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is:
A) Substitution
B) Addition
C) Esterification
D) Combustion
Answer: C
Q8. The pleasant fruity smell is generally due to:
A) Alcohol
B) Alkane
C) Acid
D) Ester
Answer: D
Q9. Soap is generally a salt of:
A) Long-chain fatty acid
B) Mineral acid
C) Alcohol
D) Alkene
Answer: A
Q10. Hard water contains mainly:
A) Na⁺
B) Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺
C) H⁺
D) Cl₂
Answer: B
Q11. The insoluble substance formed by soap in hard water is:
A) Ester
B) Alcohol
C) Scum
D) Acid
Answer: C
Q12. The hydrophobic part of soap is:
A) Ionic head
B) Carboxylate group
C) Sodium ion
D) Hydrocarbon tail
Answer: D
Q13. The hydrophilic part of soap interacts mainly with:
A) Water
B) Oil
C) Grease
D) Wax
Answer: A
Q14. The process of alkaline hydrolysis of ester is:
A) Oxidation
B) Saponification
C) Addition
D) Combustion
Answer: B
Q15. Soap molecules form spherical structures called:
A) Polymers
B) Esters
C) Micelles
D) Ions
Answer: C
Q16. Which reaction demonstrates substitution?
A) Ethene + H₂
B) Acid + alcohol
C) Acid + NaOH
D) Methane + chlorine
Answer: D
Q17. Which substance is formed along with soap during saponification of fats?
A) Glycerol
B) Ethene
C) Methane
D) Hydrogen
Answer: A
Q18. Which compound turns lime water milky?
A) O₂
B) CO₂
C) H₂
D) N₂
Answer: B
Q19. The precipitate in the lime water test is:
A) CaCl₂
B) CaO
C) CaCO₃
D) CaSO₄
Answer: C
Q20. Which compound is formed in esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid?
A) Ethene
B) Ethanol
C) Methane
D) Ethyl ethanoate
Answer: D
Q21. Which substance is used as an oxidising agent for ethanol?
A) Alkaline KMnO₄
B) NaCl
C) CaCO₃
D) H₂
Answer: A
Q22. The reaction CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃CH₃ is:
A) Substitution
B) Addition
C) Oxidation
D) Neutralisation
Answer: B
Q23. Which ion causes scum formation with soap?
A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) Ca²⁺
D) H⁺
Answer: C
Q24. The reaction Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap is:
A) Combustion
B) Addition
C) Oxidation
D) Saponification
Answer: D
Q25. The main purpose of soap's hydrophobic tail is to:
A) Interact with oil/grease
B) Interact with water only
C) Produce oxygen
D) Produce CO₂
Answer: A
Q26. Which activity demonstrates neutralisation?
A) Methane + chlorine
B) Ethanoic acid + NaOH
C) Ethene + hydrogen
D) Ethanol dehydration
Answer: B
Q27. Which gas causes effervescence with NaHCO₃?
A) H₂
B) O₂
C) CO₂
D) Cl₂
Answer: C
Q28. Which type of water reduces the efficiency of soap?
A) Distilled water
B) Soft water
C) Pure water
D) Hard water
Answer: D
Q29. Which product is formed during oxidation of ethanol?
A) Ethanoic acid
B) Ethane
C) Methane
D) Ethene
Answer: A
Q30. Which observation confirms the presence of CO₂?
A) Blue flame
B) Lime water turns milky
C) Hydrogen pop sound
D) Fruity smell
Answer: B
18. 30 Subjective Questions | वर्णनात्मक प्रश्न
1 Mark
Q1. What gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium?
Q1. What gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium?
Hydrogen gas.
1 Mark
Q2. What is esterification?
Q2. What is esterification?
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water is called esterification.
1 Mark
Q3. What is saponification?
Q3. What is saponification?
Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester is called saponification.
1 Mark
Q4. What is scum?
Q4. What is scum?
Scum is the insoluble calcium or magnesium salt of fatty acids formed when soap reacts with hard water.
1 Mark
Q5. What is a micelle?
Q5. What is a micelle?
A micelle is an aggregate of soap molecules formed around oil/grease particles in water.
2 Marks
Q6. Write the equation for oxidation of ethanol.
Q6. Write the equation for oxidation of ethanol.
CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
2 Marks
Q7. Write the reaction of ethanol with sodium.
Q7. Write the reaction of ethanol with sodium.
2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
2 Marks
Q8. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with NaHCO₃?
Q8. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with NaHCO₃?
CO₂ gas is evolved with brisk effervescence.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
2 Marks
Q9. Why does lime water turn milky when CO₂ is passed through it?
Q9. Why does lime water turn milky when CO₂ is passed through it?
Because insoluble calcium carbonate is formed:
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
2 Marks
Q10. Name the catalyst used in hydrogenation of ethene.
Q10. Name the catalyst used in hydrogenation of ethene.
Nickel (Ni).
3 Marks
Q11. Explain the esterification experiment.
Q11. Explain the esterification experiment.
Ethanoic acid and ethanol are heated in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄.
They form ethyl ethanoate and water.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
The ester generally has a pleasant fruity smell.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
The ester generally has a pleasant fruity smell.
3 Marks
Q12. Explain the activity showing the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaHCO₃.
Q12. Explain the activity showing the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaHCO₃.
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate and produces
carbon dioxide gas.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
Effervescence is observed.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
Effervescence is observed.
3 Marks
Q13. Explain the lime water test for CO₂.
Q13. Explain the lime water test for CO₂.
CO₂ is passed through lime water. It reacts with calcium hydroxide
to form insoluble calcium carbonate, making the solution milky.
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
3 Marks
Q14. What happens when soap is added to hard water?
Q14. What happens when soap is added to hard water?
Soap reacts with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions and forms insoluble salts called
scum. Therefore soap becomes less effective in hard water.
3 Marks
Q15. Explain the cleansing action of soap.
Q15. Explain the cleansing action of soap.
The hydrophobic tail attaches to oil/grease while the hydrophilic
head interacts with water. Soap molecules form micelles around
grease and help remove it during washing.
4 Marks
Q16. Describe the activity showing combustion of ethanol.
Q16. Describe the activity showing combustion of ethanol.
Ethanol is carefully burnt in air. It burns and releases heat.
The combustion reaction is:
C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat
This demonstrates that carbon compounds undergo combustion and release energy.
C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat
This demonstrates that carbon compounds undergo combustion and release energy.
4 Marks
Q17. Explain the reaction of ethanol with sodium.
Q17. Explain the reaction of ethanol with sodium.
Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑
Effervescence is observed due to hydrogen gas.
2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑
Effervescence is observed due to hydrogen gas.
4 Marks
Q18. Explain the dehydration of ethanol.
Q18. Explain the dehydration of ethanol.
Ethanol is heated with concentrated H₂SO₄ at about 443 K.
Water is removed and ethene is formed.
C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
4 Marks
Q19. Explain soap formation from fats and oils.
Q19. Explain soap formation from fats and oils.
Fats and oils react with NaOH/KOH on heating.
This produces glycerol and soap.
Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap
This reaction is called saponification.
Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap
This reaction is called saponification.
4 Marks
Q20. Why is soap less effective in hard water?
Q20. Why is soap less effective in hard water?
Hard water contains Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions. These ions react with soap
to form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts.
2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl
The insoluble product is called scum.
2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl
The insoluble product is called scum.
5 Marks
Q21. Explain the important activities related to ethanol.
Q21. Explain the important activities related to ethanol.
Important activities include:
1. Combustion: C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat
2. Oxidation: CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
3. Reaction with sodium: 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
4. Dehydration: C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
1. Combustion: C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat
2. Oxidation: CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
3. Reaction with sodium: 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
4. Dehydration: C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
5 Marks
Q22. Explain the important activities related to ethanoic acid.
Q22. Explain the important activities related to ethanoic acid.
Ethanoic acid:
1. Reacts with NaOH: CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
2. Reacts with NaHCO₃: CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
3. Reacts with ethanol: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
1. Reacts with NaOH: CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
2. Reacts with NaHCO₃: CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
3. Reacts with ethanol: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
5 Marks
Q23. Explain esterification and saponification experiments.
Q23. Explain esterification and saponification experiments.
Esterification:
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Saponification:
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Esterification forms an ester, whereas saponification is alkaline hydrolysis of an ester.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Saponification:
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Esterification forms an ester, whereas saponification is alkaline hydrolysis of an ester.
5 Marks
Q24. Explain the cleansing action of soap with a suitable activity.
Q24. Explain the cleansing action of soap with a suitable activity.
Soap contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and hydrophilic ionic head.
The tail attaches to grease while the head remains associated with water.
Many soap molecules surround a grease particle and form a micelle.
Agitation and rinsing remove the grease from the surface.
5 Marks
Q25. Explain why detergents are more suitable than soaps in hard water.
Q25. Explain why detergents are more suitable than soaps in hard water.
Hard water contains Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions. Soap reacts with these ions
and forms insoluble scum, reducing cleansing efficiency.
Detergents generally do not form the same insoluble precipitates
with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, so they work better in hard water.
6 Marks
Q26. Describe six important experiments from Carbon and Its Compounds.
Q26. Describe six important experiments from Carbon and Its Compounds.
1. Combustion of ethanol
2. Oxidation of ethanol
3. Reaction of ethanol with sodium
4. Dehydration of ethanol
5. Esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid
6. Reaction of soap with hard water
These activities demonstrate important chemical properties and applications of carbon compounds.
2. Oxidation of ethanol
3. Reaction of ethanol with sodium
4. Dehydration of ethanol
5. Esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid
6. Reaction of soap with hard water
These activities demonstrate important chemical properties and applications of carbon compounds.
6 Marks
Q27. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the presence of CO₂.
Q27. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the presence of CO₂.
Ethanoic acid is reacted with sodium hydrogen carbonate:
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
The evolved gas is passed through lime water.
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
The lime water turns milky, confirming CO₂.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
The evolved gas is passed through lime water.
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
The lime water turns milky, confirming CO₂.
6 Marks
Q28. Describe the experiment of esterification in detail.
Q28. Describe the experiment of esterification in detail.
Take ethanol and ethanoic acid and add a small quantity of
concentrated H₂SO₄. Heat the mixture carefully in a water bath.
The reaction is:
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Ethyl ethanoate is formed. It generally has a pleasant fruity smell. Concentrated H₂SO₄ acts as an acid catalyst and also helps remove water.
The reaction is:
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Ethyl ethanoate is formed. It generally has a pleasant fruity smell. Concentrated H₂SO₄ acts as an acid catalyst and also helps remove water.
6 Marks
Q29. Describe the preparation of soap and explain its action in hard water.
Q29. Describe the preparation of soap and explain its action in hard water.
Fats/oils are heated with NaOH to produce glycerol and soap:
Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap
Soap contains long hydrocarbon chains and ionic carboxylate heads. In hard water, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions form insoluble salts:
2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl
This insoluble material is scum.
Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap
Soap contains long hydrocarbon chains and ionic carboxylate heads. In hard water, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions form insoluble salts:
2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl
This insoluble material is scum.
6 Marks
Q30. Write a complete practical revision chart for Carbon and Its Compounds.
Q30. Write a complete practical revision chart for Carbon and Its Compounds.
| Experiment | Observation | Equation |
|---|---|---|
| Combustion | Heat and flame | C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O |
| Oxidation | Ethanoic acid formed | CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O |
| Ethanol + Na | H₂ bubbles | 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂ |
| Dehydration | Ethene formed | C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O |
| Acid + NaHCO₃ | CO₂ effervescence | CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂ |
| CO₂ test | Lime water milky | Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O |
| Esterification | Fruity smell | CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O |
| Soap + hard water | Scum | 2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca + 2NaCl |
19. CBSE Practical Golden Points | बोर्ड परीक्षा के महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु
⭐ Ethanol + Sodium → Hydrogen gas
⭐ Ethanoic acid + NaHCO₃ → CO₂ gas
⭐ CO₂ + Lime water → Milky appearance
⭐ Ethanol oxidation → Ethanoic acid
⭐ Ethanol dehydration → Ethene
⭐ Ethanoic acid + Ethanol → Ester
⭐ Ester + NaOH → Saponification
⭐ Soap + Hard water → Scum
⭐ Soap tail → Oil/Grease
⭐ Soap head → Water
⭐ Ethanoic acid + NaHCO₃ → CO₂ gas
⭐ CO₂ + Lime water → Milky appearance
⭐ Ethanol oxidation → Ethanoic acid
⭐ Ethanol dehydration → Ethene
⭐ Ethanoic acid + Ethanol → Ester
⭐ Ester + NaOH → Saponification
⭐ Soap + Hard water → Scum
⭐ Soap tail → Oil/Grease
⭐ Soap head → Water
Carbon and Its Compounds | Important Experiments and Activities
कार्बन एवं उसके यौगिक | महत्वपूर्ण प्रयोग एवं गतिविधियाँ
CBSE Class 10 | Foundation | Competitive Preparation
कार्बन एवं उसके यौगिक | महत्वपूर्ण प्रयोग एवं गतिविधियाँ
CBSE Class 10 | Foundation | Competitive Preparation
