Life Processes – Introduction to Life Processes
Class 10 Science | Chapter 6 | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive Level
🧬 Introduction to Life Processes
1. जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ क्या हैं? | What are Life Processes?
English:
Life processes are the basic activities performed by living organisms to maintain life. These processes help an organism obtain energy, grow, repair damaged cells, remove wastes and reproduce.
हिन्दी:
जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवित जीवों द्वारा जीवन को बनाए रखने के लिए की जाती हैं। इन प्रक्रियाओं की सहायता से जीव ऊर्जा प्राप्त करते हैं, वृद्धि करते हैं, क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं की मरम्मत करते हैं, अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को बाहर निकालते हैं तथा प्रजनन करते हैं।
Life processes are the basic activities performed by living organisms to maintain life. These processes help an organism obtain energy, grow, repair damaged cells, remove wastes and reproduce.
हिन्दी:
जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवित जीवों द्वारा जीवन को बनाए रखने के लिए की जाती हैं। इन प्रक्रियाओं की सहायता से जीव ऊर्जा प्राप्त करते हैं, वृद्धि करते हैं, क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं की मरम्मत करते हैं, अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को बाहर निकालते हैं तथा प्रजनन करते हैं।
Important: A living organism continuously performs several biochemical and physiological activities. These activities together are called Life Processes.
महत्वपूर्ण: जीवित जीव में लगातार अनेक जैव-रासायनिक और शारीरिक क्रियाएँ होती रहती हैं। इन सभी क्रियाओं को सामूहिक रूप से जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ कहा जाता है।
महत्वपूर्ण: जीवित जीव में लगातार अनेक जैव-रासायनिक और शारीरिक क्रियाएँ होती रहती हैं। इन सभी क्रियाओं को सामूहिक रूप से जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ कहा जाता है।
2. प्रमुख जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ | Major Life Processes
| Life Process | English Meaning | हिन्दी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrition | Obtaining and utilizing food | भोजन प्राप्त करना और उसका उपयोग करना |
| Respiration | Release of energy from food | भोजन से ऊर्जा प्राप्त करना |
| Transportation | Transport of substances within the body | शरीर में पदार्थों का परिवहन |
| Excretion | Removal of metabolic wastes | उपापचयी अपशिष्टों का निष्कासन |
| Growth | Increase in size and number of cells | आकार एवं कोशिकाओं की संख्या में वृद्धि |
| Reproduction | Production of new individuals | नए जीवों का निर्माण |
3. जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ आवश्यक क्यों हैं? | Why are Life Processes Necessary?
English:
Living organisms are made up of cells. Cells require energy and various substances to perform their functions. Life processes continuously provide materials and energy required for survival.
हिन्दी: सभी जीवित जीव कोशिकाओं से बने होते हैं। कोशिकाओं को अपनी विभिन्न क्रियाएँ करने के लिए ऊर्जा और विभिन्न पदार्थों की आवश्यकता होती है। जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ जीव को जीवित रहने के लिए आवश्यक पदार्थ और ऊर्जा उपलब्ध कराती हैं।
हिन्दी: सभी जीवित जीव कोशिकाओं से बने होते हैं। कोशिकाओं को अपनी विभिन्न क्रियाएँ करने के लिए ऊर्जा और विभिन्न पदार्थों की आवश्यकता होती है। जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ जीव को जीवित रहने के लिए आवश्यक पदार्थ और ऊर्जा उपलब्ध कराती हैं।
-
Energy supply: Respiration releases energy from food.
ऊर्जा आपूर्ति: श्वसन भोजन से ऊर्जा मुक्त करता है। -
Growth: Nutrients are required for the formation of new cells.
वृद्धि: नई कोशिकाओं के निर्माण के लिए पोषक पदार्थ आवश्यक हैं। -
Repair: Damaged cells and tissues need to be repaired.
मरम्मत: क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं और ऊतकों की मरम्मत आवश्यक है। -
Waste removal: Harmful metabolic wastes must be removed.
अपशिष्ट निष्कासन: हानिकारक उपापचयी अपशिष्टों को शरीर से बाहर निकालना आवश्यक है। -
Coordination: Different systems must work together.
समन्वय: शरीर की विभिन्न प्रणालियों का साथ मिलकर कार्य करना आवश्यक है।
4. उपापचय | Metabolism
English:
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring inside the cells of an organism.
हिन्दी:
उपापचय (Metabolism) जीव की कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring inside the cells of an organism.
हिन्दी:
उपापचय (Metabolism) जीव की कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।
Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
| Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Anabolism | Building complex substances from simpler substances | Formation of proteins |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances | Breakdown of glucose during respiration |
5. ऊर्जा और ATP | Energy and ATP
English:
Cells require energy to perform different activities. The immediate energy currency of the cell is ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate.
हिन्दी:
कोशिकाओं को विभिन्न कार्य करने के लिए ऊर्जा की आवश्यकता होती है। कोशिका की तात्कालिक ऊर्जा मुद्रा ATP – एडेनोसिन ट्राइफॉस्फेट है।
Cells require energy to perform different activities. The immediate energy currency of the cell is ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate.
हिन्दी:
कोशिकाओं को विभिन्न कार्य करने के लिए ऊर्जा की आवश्यकता होती है। कोशिका की तात्कालिक ऊर्जा मुद्रा ATP – एडेनोसिन ट्राइफॉस्फेट है।
ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy
Exam Point:
ATP is often called the energy currency of the cell.
परीक्षा बिंदु:
ATP को कोशिका की ऊर्जा मुद्रा कहा जाता है।
ATP is often called the energy currency of the cell.
परीक्षा बिंदु:
ATP को कोशिका की ऊर्जा मुद्रा कहा जाता है।
6. पोषण | Nutrition
English:
Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain food and utilize nutrients for energy, growth, repair and maintenance.
हिन्दी:
पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा जीव भोजन प्राप्त करते हैं और पोषक पदार्थों का उपयोग ऊर्जा, वृद्धि, मरम्मत एवं शरीर के रखरखाव के लिए करते हैं।
Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain food and utilize nutrients for energy, growth, repair and maintenance.
हिन्दी:
पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा जीव भोजन प्राप्त करते हैं और पोषक पदार्थों का उपयोग ऊर्जा, वृद्धि, मरम्मत एवं शरीर के रखरखाव के लिए करते हैं।
| Mode | Organisms |
|---|---|
| Autotrophic Nutrition | Green plants, algae |
| Heterotrophic Nutrition | Animals, fungi and many microorganisms |
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
यह प्रकाश संश्लेषण की सामान्य रासायनिक समीकरण है।
This is the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
7. श्वसन | Respiration
English:
Respiration is the biochemical process in which food molecules are broken down to release energy.
हिन्दी:
श्वसन वह जैव-रासायनिक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें भोजन के अणुओं का विघटन करके ऊर्जा प्राप्त की जाती है।
Respiration is the biochemical process in which food molecules are broken down to release energy.
हिन्दी:
श्वसन वह जैव-रासायनिक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें भोजन के अणुओं का विघटन करके ऊर्जा प्राप्त की जाती है।
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
| Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
|---|---|
| Occurs in presence of oxygen | Occurs without oxygen |
| Produces more energy | Produces less energy |
| End products: CO₂ + H₂O | Products depend on organism |
8. परिवहन | Transportation
English:
Transportation is the movement of nutrients, gases, water, hormones and waste materials from one part of the organism to another.
हिन्दी:
परिवहन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें पोषक पदार्थ, गैसें, जल, हार्मोन और अपशिष्ट पदार्थ शरीर के एक भाग से दूसरे भाग तक पहुँचाए जाते हैं।
Transportation is the movement of nutrients, gases, water, hormones and waste materials from one part of the organism to another.
हिन्दी:
परिवहन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें पोषक पदार्थ, गैसें, जल, हार्मोन और अपशिष्ट पदार्थ शरीर के एक भाग से दूसरे भाग तक पहुँचाए जाते हैं।
Plants: Xylem and Phloem perform transportation.
पौधे: जाइलम और फ्लोएम परिवहन का कार्य करते हैं।
Animals: Blood, heart and blood vessels are involved in transportation.
जन्तु: रक्त, हृदय और रक्त वाहिकाएँ परिवहन में भाग लेती हैं।
पौधे: जाइलम और फ्लोएम परिवहन का कार्य करते हैं।
Animals: Blood, heart and blood vessels are involved in transportation.
जन्तु: रक्त, हृदय और रक्त वाहिकाएँ परिवहन में भाग लेती हैं।
9. उत्सर्जन | Excretion
English:
Excretion is the process of removal of harmful metabolic waste products from the body.
हिन्दी:
उत्सर्जन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें शरीर में बनने वाले हानिकारक उपापचयी अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को शरीर से बाहर निकाला जाता है।
Excretion is the process of removal of harmful metabolic waste products from the body.
हिन्दी:
उत्सर्जन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें शरीर में बनने वाले हानिकारक उपापचयी अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को शरीर से बाहर निकाला जाता है।
| Organism | Main Excretory Structures |
|---|---|
| Humans | Kidneys, lungs, skin |
| Plants | Stomata, storage in leaves/bark, diffusion |
10. Maintenance of Life | जीवन का रखरखाव
For survival, an organism must maintain its internal conditions within suitable limits. This ability is associated with maintaining a stable internal environment.
जीवित रहने के लिए जीव को अपने शरीर की आंतरिक परिस्थितियों को उचित सीमा में बनाए रखना आवश्यक है। शरीर के आंतरिक वातावरण की स्थिरता बनाए रखना जीवन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।
जीवित रहने के लिए जीव को अपने शरीर की आंतरिक परिस्थितियों को उचित सीमा में बनाए रखना आवश्यक है। शरीर के आंतरिक वातावरण की स्थिरता बनाए रखना जीवन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।
11. कोशिका स्तर पर जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ | Life Processes at Cellular Level
| Cellular Requirement | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Food / Nutrients | Energy and growth |
| Oxygen | Efficient energy release |
| Water | Metabolic reactions and transport |
| Minerals | Growth and physiological functions |
| Waste removal | Prevents accumulation of harmful substances |
12. Life Processes और सामान्य क्रियाओं में अंतर
| Life Processes | Simple Activities |
|---|---|
| Essential for maintenance of life | May not be essential for survival |
| Usually occur continuously | May occur occasionally |
| Include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion | Examples include walking, running etc. |
13. MCQs – Multiple Choice Questions
Q1. Which of the following is a life process?
A) Nutrition
B) Playing
C) Sleeping only
D) Walking only
Answer: A) Nutrition
Q2. The immediate energy currency of the cell is:
A) DNA
B) ATP
C) RNA
D) Protein
Answer: B) ATP
Q3. Metabolism includes:
A) Only respiration
B) Only digestion
C) Anabolism and catabolism
D) Only excretion
Answer: C) Anabolism and catabolism
Q4. Which process removes metabolic wastes?
A) Nutrition
B) Respiration
C) Transportation
D) Excretion
Answer: D) Excretion
Q5. Which tissue transports water in plants?
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Epidermis
D) Stomata
Answer: A) Xylem
Q6. Photosynthesis is an example of:
A) Catabolism
B) Anabolism
C) Excretion
D) Respiration
Answer: B) Anabolism
Q7. Which gas is generally used during aerobic respiration?
A) Nitrogen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Oxygen
D) Hydrogen
Answer: C) Oxygen
Q8. The movement of substances inside an organism is called:
A) Digestion
B) Nutrition
C) Respiration
D) Transportation
Answer: D) Transportation
Q9. Which of the following is a metabolic waste?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Glucose
C) Protein
D) Starch
Answer: A) Carbon dioxide
Q10. Heterotrophic organisms obtain:
A) Food from inorganic substances only
B) Food from other organisms or organic sources
C) Only sunlight
D) Only minerals
Answer: B) Food from other organisms or organic sources
Q11. Breakdown reactions are generally called:
A) Anabolism
B) Synthesis
C) Catabolism
D) Nutrition
Answer: C) Catabolism
Q12. Which structure is mainly responsible for excretion of urine?
A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Stomach
D) Kidneys
Answer: D) Kidneys
Q13. Which life process provides raw materials for energy production?
A) Nutrition
B) Excretion
C) Transportation
D) Reproduction
Answer: A) Nutrition
Q14. Which substance is formed during aerobic respiration?
A) Only glucose
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Nitrogen
D) Chlorophyll
Answer: B) Carbon dioxide
Q15. Which is NOT a major life process?
A) Nutrition
B) Respiration
C) Transportation
D) Painting
Answer: D) Painting
Q16. Xylem mainly transports:
A) Water and minerals
B) Proteins only
C) Hormones only
D) Oxygen only
Answer: A) Water and minerals
Q17. Phloem mainly transports:
A) Water
B) Food
C) Oxygen
D) Carbon dioxide
Answer: B) Food
Q18. ATP stands for:
A) Adenine Triphosphate
B) Adenosine Triphosphate
C) Adenosine Diphosphate
D) Adenine Tetraphosphate
Answer: B) Adenosine Triphosphate
Q19. Which process involves the removal of carbon dioxide from the body?
A) Excretion
B) Nutrition
C) Growth
D) Reproduction
Answer: A) Excretion
Q20. Which process is responsible for releasing energy from glucose?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Respiration
C) Excretion
D) Transportation
Answer: B) Respiration
Q21. Formation of complex molecules from simpler molecules is:
A) Catabolism
B) Excretion
C) Anabolism
D) Respiration
Answer: C) Anabolism
Q22. Which system transports substances in humans?
A) Circulatory system
B) Skeletal system
C) Nervous system only
D) Reproductive system
Answer: A) Circulatory system
Q23. Green plants are mainly:
A) Heterotrophs
B) Autotrophs
C) Parasites
D) Decomposers
Answer: B) Autotrophs
Q24. The process of obtaining food is called:
A) Excretion
B) Respiration
C) Nutrition
D) Transportation
Answer: C) Nutrition
Q25. Which organ helps in removal of carbon dioxide?
A) Kidney
B) Heart
C) Stomach
D) Lungs
Answer: D) Lungs
Q26. Which process helps in growth and repair?
A) Nutrition
B) Excretion only
C) Sweating only
D) Breathing only
Answer: A) Nutrition
Q27. The breakdown of glucose is associated with:
A) Respiration
B) Photosynthesis
C) Reproduction
D) Excretion only
Answer: A) Respiration
Q28. Which one is a structural requirement for plant transport?
A) Xylem
B) Chlorophyll only
C) Ribosome only
D) Nucleus only
Answer: A) Xylem
Q29. Which process is essential for removal of toxic substances?
A) Growth
B) Excretion
C) Reproduction
D) Photosynthesis
Answer: B) Excretion
Q30. The basic structural and functional unit of life is:
A) Tissue
B) Organ
C) Cell
D) Organ system
Answer: C) Cell
14. Subjective Questions – 1 to 6 Marks
1 Mark
Q1. What are life processes?
Q1. What are life processes?
Answer: Life processes are the basic activities necessary for the maintenance and survival of living organisms.
उत्तर: जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवों के जीवन और उसके रखरखाव के लिए आवश्यक हैं।
उत्तर: जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवों के जीवन और उसके रखरखाव के लिए आवश्यक हैं।
1 Mark
Q2. What is metabolism?
Q2. What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring inside cells.
उपापचय कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।
उपापचय कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।
1 Mark
Q3. What is ATP?
Q3. What is ATP?
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and acts as the immediate energy currency of the cell.
2 Marks
Q4. Name any four major life processes.
Q4. Name any four major life processes.
Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.
पोषण, श्वसन, परिवहन और उत्सर्जन।
पोषण, श्वसन, परिवहन और उत्सर्जन।
2 Marks
Q5. Why are life processes necessary?
Q5. Why are life processes necessary?
Life processes provide energy, nutrients, growth, repair and removal of wastes necessary for survival.
2 Marks
Q6. Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Q6. Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Autotrophic: Organisms prepare their own food, e.g. green plants.
Heterotrophic: Organisms depend on other organisms or organic sources for food.
Heterotrophic: Organisms depend on other organisms or organic sources for food.
3 Marks
Q7. Explain the importance of respiration.
Q7. Explain the importance of respiration.
1. It breaks down food molecules.
2. It releases energy.
3. The released energy is used for various cellular activities.
2. It releases energy.
3. The released energy is used for various cellular activities.
3 Marks
Q8. Explain metabolism with its two major components.
Q8. Explain metabolism with its two major components.
Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in cells.
Anabolism: Building complex substances from simpler substances.
Catabolism: Breaking complex substances into simpler substances.
Anabolism: Building complex substances from simpler substances.
Catabolism: Breaking complex substances into simpler substances.
3 Marks
Q9. Explain the role of transportation in living organisms.
Q9. Explain the role of transportation in living organisms.
Transportation helps in:
1. Movement of nutrients.
2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Distribution of hormones and removal of wastes.
1. Movement of nutrients.
2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Distribution of hormones and removal of wastes.
4 Marks
Q10. Explain why nutrition is essential for living organisms.
Q10. Explain why nutrition is essential for living organisms.
Nutrition is required for:
1. Providing energy.
2. Growth and development.
3. Repair of damaged tissues.
4. Maintenance of body functions.
1. Providing energy.
2. Growth and development.
3. Repair of damaged tissues.
4. Maintenance of body functions.
4 Marks
Q11. Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Q11. Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration: Takes place in the presence of oxygen and generally releases more energy.
Anaerobic respiration: Takes place without oxygen and generally releases less energy.
Anaerobic respiration: Takes place without oxygen and generally releases less energy.
4 Marks
Q12. Explain the importance of excretion.
Q12. Explain the importance of excretion.
Excretion removes harmful metabolic wastes from the body. If these wastes accumulate, they may disturb normal cellular functions and become toxic.
5 Marks
Q13. Explain the major life processes in detail.
Q13. Explain the major life processes in detail.
1. Nutrition: Provides food and nutrients.
2. Respiration: Releases energy from food.
3. Transportation: Moves substances within the body.
4. Excretion: Removes metabolic wastes.
5. Reproduction: Produces new individuals and ensures continuity of species.
2. Respiration: Releases energy from food.
3. Transportation: Moves substances within the body.
4. Excretion: Removes metabolic wastes.
5. Reproduction: Produces new individuals and ensures continuity of species.
5 Marks
Q14. Explain the relationship between nutrition and respiration.
Q14. Explain the relationship between nutrition and respiration.
Nutrition supplies food such as glucose to the organism. During respiration, glucose is broken down and energy is released.
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Thus, nutrition supplies the raw material and respiration releases usable energy from it.
6 Marks
Q15. Describe the importance of life processes for survival of an organism.
Q15. Describe the importance of life processes for survival of an organism.
Life processes are essential because:
1. Nutrition supplies nutrients and raw materials.
2. Respiration releases energy.
3. Transportation distributes useful substances.
4. Excretion removes harmful wastes.
5. Growth and repair maintain the body.
6. Reproduction ensures continuity of the species.
Therefore, proper coordination of different life processes is necessary for the survival and maintenance of an organism.
1. Nutrition supplies nutrients and raw materials.
2. Respiration releases energy.
3. Transportation distributes useful substances.
4. Excretion removes harmful wastes.
5. Growth and repair maintain the body.
6. Reproduction ensures continuity of the species.
Therefore, proper coordination of different life processes is necessary for the survival and maintenance of an organism.
6 Marks
Q16. Explain metabolism, ATP and their importance in life processes.
Q16. Explain metabolism, ATP and their importance in life processes.
Metabolism: It is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in cells.
Anabolism: Builds complex molecules.
Catabolism: Breaks down complex molecules.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate is the immediate energy currency of the cell.
Anabolism: Builds complex molecules.
Catabolism: Breaks down complex molecules.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate is the immediate energy currency of the cell.
ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy
The energy released from ATP is utilized for cellular activities such as growth, movement, synthesis and active transport.
15. Quick Revision – परीक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु
✅ Life processes maintain life.
✅ Major processes include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.
✅ Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism.
✅ ATP is called the energy currency of the cell.
✅ Nutrition provides nutrients and energy sources.
✅ Respiration releases energy from food.
✅ Xylem transports water and minerals in plants.
✅ Phloem transports food in plants.
✅ Excretion removes metabolic wastes.
✅ Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
✅ Major processes include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.
✅ Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism.
✅ ATP is called the energy currency of the cell.
✅ Nutrition provides nutrients and energy sources.
✅ Respiration releases energy from food.
✅ Xylem transports water and minerals in plants.
✅ Phloem transports food in plants.
✅ Excretion removes metabolic wastes.
✅ Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
16. CBSE Exam Golden Points
⭐ Remember:
- Life processes are essential for maintenance of life.
- ATP is the immediate energy currency of cells.
- Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism.
- Respiration is different from simple breathing.
- Nutrition provides materials required for energy, growth and repair.
- Transportation distributes substances throughout the organism.
- Excretion removes harmful metabolic wastes.
17. One-Line Revision
Nutrition → Food |
Respiration → Energy |
Transportation → Movement of Materials |
Excretion → Waste Removal
