Class 10th Science Chapter 5 – Life Processes | Nutrition – Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

Life Processes – Nutrition

Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition | Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive

🌿 Nutrition – Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Nutrition

1. पोषण क्या है? | What is Nutrition?

English:
Nutrition is the process by which an organism obtains food or nutrients and uses them for energy, growth, repair and maintenance of the body.

हिन्दी:
पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा कोई जीव भोजन या पोषक पदार्थ प्राप्त करता है तथा उनका उपयोग ऊर्जा, वृद्धि, विकास, मरम्मत और शरीर के रखरखाव के लिए करता है।

Important: Food provides raw materials and energy required for various life processes.

महत्वपूर्ण: भोजन विभिन्न जीवन प्रक्रियाओं के लिए आवश्यक कच्चे पदार्थ और ऊर्जा प्रदान करता है।

2. पोषण की आवश्यकता | Need for Nutrition

Living organisms require nutrients for:

• Energy production – ऊर्जा उत्पादन
• Growth and development – वृद्धि एवं विकास
• Repair of damaged tissues – क्षतिग्रस्त ऊतकों की मरम्मत
• Formation of new cells – नई कोशिकाओं का निर्माण
• Maintenance of body functions – शरीर की क्रियाओं का रखरखाव

3. पोषण के प्रमुख प्रकार | Major Modes of Nutrition

Type	Meaning	Examples
Autotrophic Nutrition	Organism prepares its own food from simple inorganic substances.	Green plants, algae
Heterotrophic Nutrition	Organism obtains food from other organisms or organic sources.	Animals, fungi, many bacteria

4. स्वपोषी पोषण | Autotrophic Nutrition

English:
In autotrophic nutrition, organisms prepare their own organic food from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water. Green plants use sunlight as the source of energy and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis.

हिन्दी:
स्वपोषी पोषण में जीव कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड और जल जैसे सरल अकार्बनिक पदार्थों से अपना कार्बनिक भोजन स्वयं बनाते हैं। हरे पौधे प्रकाश संश्लेषण के लिए सूर्य के प्रकाश को ऊर्जा स्रोत तथा क्लोरोफिल को आवश्यक वर्णक के रूप में उपयोग करते हैं।

CO₂ + H₂O + Sunlight + Chlorophyll → Glucose + O₂

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Exam Point:
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process because simple substances are used to form a complex organic molecule, glucose.

परीक्षा बिंदु:
प्रकाश संश्लेषण एक उपचयी (Anabolic) प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि सरल पदार्थों से जटिल कार्बनिक पदार्थ ग्लूकोज़ बनता है।

5. प्रकाश संश्लेषण | Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

प्रकाश संश्लेषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें हरे पौधे सूर्य के प्रकाश और क्लोरोफिल की उपस्थिति में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड तथा जल से भोजन बनाते हैं।

6. प्रकाश संश्लेषण के लिए आवश्यक कच्चे पदार्थ | Raw Materials

Requirement	Source / Role
Carbon dioxide	Obtained from atmosphere through stomata
Water	Absorbed from soil by roots
Sunlight	Provides energy
Chlorophyll	Absorbs light energy

7. क्लोरोफिल की भूमिका | Role of Chlorophyll

English:
Chlorophyll is the green pigment present mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells. It absorbs light energy required for photosynthesis.

हिन्दी:
क्लोरोफिल पौधों की कोशिकाओं के क्लोरोप्लास्ट में पाया जाने वाला हरा वर्णक है। यह प्रकाश संश्लेषण के लिए आवश्यक प्रकाश ऊर्जा को अवशोषित करता है।

8. रंध्र | Stomata

Stomata are tiny pores mainly present on the surface of leaves. They help in gaseous exchange and also participate in transpiration.

पत्तियों की सतह पर पाए जाने वाले सूक्ष्म छिद्रों को रंध्र (Stomata) कहते हैं। ये गैसों के आदान-प्रदान में सहायता करते हैं और वाष्पोत्सर्जन में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

Stomatal Function	Role
CO₂ entry	Provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
O₂ exit	Releases oxygen produced during photosynthesis
Water vapour loss	Helps in transpiration

9. स्वपोषी पोषण की प्रक्रिया | Process of Autotrophic Nutrition

1. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil.
   जड़ें मिट्टी से जल और खनिजों को अवशोषित करती हैं।
2. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata.
   कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड रंध्रों द्वारा पत्तियों में प्रवेश करती है।
3. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight.
   क्लोरोफिल सूर्य के प्रकाश को अवशोषित करता है।
4. Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
   प्रकाश ऊर्जा रासायनिक ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित होती है।
5. Carbon dioxide and water are used to form glucose.
   कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड और जल से ग्लूकोज़ बनता है।
6. Oxygen is released as a by-product.
   ऑक्सीजन उप-उत्पाद के रूप में बाहर निकलती है।

10. ग्लूकोज़ का उपयोग | Fate of Glucose

The glucose produced during photosynthesis may be:

• Used immediately for energy production.
• Converted into starch for storage.
• Used to form cellulose for cell walls.
• Used to synthesize fats and proteins with other required nutrients.

प्रकाश संश्लेषण से बना ग्लूकोज़ ऊर्जा के लिए उपयोग हो सकता है, स्टार्च के रूप में संग्रहित हो सकता है तथा अन्य पदार्थों के निर्माण में उपयोग किया जा सकता है।

11. विषमपोषी पोषण | Heterotrophic Nutrition

English:
Organisms that cannot synthesize their own food from inorganic substances and depend on other organisms or organic matter for nutrition are called heterotrophs.

हिन्दी:
वे जीव जो अकार्बनिक पदार्थों से अपना भोजन स्वयं नहीं बना सकते और भोजन के लिए अन्य जीवों या कार्बनिक पदार्थों पर निर्भर रहते हैं, विषमपोषी कहलाते हैं।

12. विषमपोषी पोषण के प्रकार | Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

Type	Description	Example
Holozoic	Food is ingested, digested, absorbed and assimilated.	Humans, Amoeba
Saprotrophic	Organisms obtain nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter.	Fungi
Parasitic	Organism obtains food from a living host.	Cuscuta, tapeworm

13. होलोजोइक पोषण | Holozoic Nutrition

Holozoic nutrition involves the following major steps:

Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion

Ingestion: Taking food inside the body.
Digestion: Breaking complex food into simpler soluble substances.
Absorption: Movement of digested nutrients into the body fluids.
Assimilation: Utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells.
Egestion: Removal of undigested food.

14. अमीबा में पोषण | Nutrition in Amoeba

Amoeba is a unicellular organism that obtains food by holozoic nutrition. It uses temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia to surround and engulf food particles.

अमीबा एक एककोशिकीय जीव है जो होलोजोइक पोषण करता है। यह भोजन कणों को घेरने और निगलने के लिए कूटपाद (Pseudopodia) बनाता है।

Food Particle → Pseudopodia → Food Vacuole → Digestion → Absorption → Egestion

15. मृतोपजीवी पोषण | Saprotrophic Nutrition

Saprotrophs obtain nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter. Fungi commonly show saprotrophic nutrition. They release digestive enzymes onto the food material and absorb the simpler soluble substances formed.

मृतोपजीवी जीव मृत और सड़े-गले कार्बनिक पदार्थों से पोषण प्राप्त करते हैं। कवक सामान्यतः मृतोपजीवी पोषण दिखाते हैं। वे भोजन पर पाचक एंजाइम छोड़ते हैं और बने हुए सरल घुलनशील पदार्थों को अवशोषित करते हैं।

16. परजीवी पोषण | Parasitic Nutrition

A parasite obtains nutrients from a living organism called the host, usually causing harm to the host.

परजीवी जीव अपने पोषण के लिए एक जीवित जीव, जिसे पोषक (Host) कहते हैं, पर निर्भर करता है और सामान्यतः पोषक को हानि पहुँचाता है।

Examples: Cuscuta, tapeworm, Plasmodium.

17. Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic Nutrition

Feature	Autotrophic	Heterotrophic
Food production	Own food is synthesized	Food obtained from external sources
Raw materials	CO₂ and H₂O	Organic food sources
Chlorophyll	Usually required in photosynthetic autotrophs	Not required for obtaining food
Examples	Green plants, algae	Animals, fungi
Energy source	Often sunlight in photosynthetic organisms	Energy obtained from organic food

18. पोषण और ऊर्जा का संबंध | Nutrition and Energy

Food contains chemical energy. During cellular respiration, molecules such as glucose are broken down and energy is released.

भोजन में रासायनिक ऊर्जा संचित रहती है। कोशिकीय श्वसन के दौरान ग्लूकोज़ जैसे अणुओं का विघटन होता है और ऊर्जा मुक्त होती है।

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

19. प्रकाश संश्लेषण और श्वसन में अंतर

Photosynthesis	Respiration
Food is synthesized	Food is broken down
Usually stores energy in glucose	Releases usable energy
CO₂ is used	CO₂ is produced in aerobic respiration
O₂ is generally released	O₂ is consumed in aerobic respiration

20. MCQs – Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. The process by which organisms obtain and utilize food is called:

A) Nutrition

B) Respiration

C) Excretion

D) Transportation

Answer: A) Nutrition

Q2. Green plants generally show:

A) Parasitic nutrition

B) Autotrophic nutrition

C) Saprotrophic nutrition

D) Holozoic nutrition

Answer: B) Autotrophic nutrition

Q3. Which pigment is essential for photosynthesis?

A) Haemoglobin

B) Melanin

C) Chlorophyll

D) Keratin

Answer: C) Chlorophyll

Q4. Carbon dioxide enters a leaf mainly through:

A) Roots

B) Xylem

C) Phloem

D) Stomata

Answer: D) Stomata

Q5. Which substance is produced during photosynthesis?

A) Glucose

B) Urea

C) Protein only

D) Uric acid

Answer: A) Glucose

Q6. Which organism is commonly saprotrophic?

A) Human

B) Mushroom

C) Cow

D) Amoeba

Answer: B) Mushroom

Q7. A parasite obtains food from:

A) Sunlight

B) Soil only

C) A living host

D) Air

Answer: C) A living host

Q8. Which organism shows holozoic nutrition?

A) Cuscuta

B) Mushroom

C) Green plant

D) Amoeba

Answer: D) Amoeba

Q9. Which gas is a raw material for photosynthesis?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Oxygen

C) Nitrogen

D) Hydrogen

Answer: A) Carbon dioxide

Q10. Water required for photosynthesis is mainly absorbed by:

A) Leaves

B) Roots

C) Flowers

D) Fruits

Answer: B) Roots

Q11. Which of the following is NOT a raw material for photosynthesis?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Water

C) Oxygen

D) Light energy

Answer: C) Oxygen

Q12. The food produced during photosynthesis is initially stored mainly as:

A) Protein

B) Fat

C) Cellulose

D) Glucose

Answer: D) Glucose

Q13. The process of taking food into the body is called:

A) Ingestion

B) Absorption

C) Assimilation

D) Egestion

Answer: A) Ingestion

Q14. Digestion involves:

A) Formation of oxygen

B) Breakdown of complex food

C) Removal of urine

D) Transport of blood

Answer: B) Breakdown of complex food

Q15. Absorption means:

A) Taking food into the mouth

B) Breaking food

C) Passage of digested nutrients into body fluids

D) Removal of undigested food

Answer: C) Passage of digested nutrients into body fluids

Q16. Assimilation refers to:

A) Utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells

B) Ingestion of food

C) Removal of waste

D) Digestion outside the body

Answer: A) Utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells

Q17. Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for:

A) Respiration only

B) Engulfing food

C) Excretion only

D) Photosynthesis

Answer: B) Engulfing food

Q18. Cuscuta is an example of:

A) Autotroph

B) Saprotroph

C) Parasite

D) Holozoic organism

Answer: C) Parasite

Q19. Fungi generally obtain food by:

A) Photosynthesis

B) Holozoic nutrition

C) Chemosynthesis only

D) Saprotrophic nutrition

Answer: D) Saprotrophic nutrition

Q20. Which sequence represents holozoic nutrition correctly?

A) Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion

B) Digestion → Ingestion → Egestion → Absorption

C) Absorption → Ingestion → Digestion

D) Egestion → Digestion → Ingestion

Answer: A) Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion

Q21. Photosynthesis mainly occurs in:

A) Ribosomes

B) Chloroplasts

C) Nucleus

D) Mitochondria

Answer: B) Chloroplasts

Q22. The energy source for photosynthesis is:

A) Oxygen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Sunlight

D) Nitrogen

Answer: C) Sunlight

Q23. Which process converts light energy into chemical energy?

A) Photosynthesis

B) Excretion

C) Egestion

D) Diffusion only

Answer: A) Photosynthesis

Q24. Which organism cannot prepare its own food?

A) Green plant

B) Algae

C) Human

D) Some photosynthetic bacteria

Answer: C) Human

Q25. The green colour of leaves is mainly due to:

A) Chlorophyll

B) Haemoglobin

C) Carotene only

D) Melanin

Answer: A) Chlorophyll

Q26. During photosynthesis, oxygen is released mainly from:

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Water

C) Glucose

D) Starch

Answer: B) Water

Q27. A plant that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter would show:

A) Autotrophic nutrition

B) Holozoic nutrition

C) Saprotrophic nutrition

D) Parasitic nutrition

Answer: C) Saprotrophic nutrition

Q28. Which one is a heterotroph?

A) Mango plant

B) Grass

C) Algae

D) Human

Answer: D) Human

Q29. Which process is anabolic?

A) Photosynthesis

B) Respiration

C) Digestion

D) Breakdown of glucose

Answer: A) Photosynthesis

Q30. The main purpose of nutrition is to provide:

A) Only oxygen

B) Nutrients and energy

C) Only water

D) Only carbon dioxide

Answer: B) Nutrients and energy

21. Subjective Questions – 1 to 6 Marks

1 Mark
Q1. Define nutrition.

Answer: Nutrition is the process of obtaining and utilizing food or nutrients by an organism.

उत्तर: पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें जीव भोजन या पोषक पदार्थ प्राप्त करके उनका उपयोग करता है।

1 Mark
Q2. What is autotrophic nutrition?

Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from simple inorganic substances.

1 Mark
Q3. Name the green pigment required for photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll – क्लोरोफिल

2 Marks
Q4. Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic: Organisms prepare their own food.
Heterotrophic: Organisms depend on external organic food sources.

2 Marks
Q5. Write the equation of photosynthesis.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

In the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

2 Marks
Q6. What are stomata? State one function.

Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves. They help in gaseous exchange and transpiration.

3 Marks
Q7. State three requirements for photosynthesis.

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water
3. Sunlight and chlorophyll

3 Marks
Q8. Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy and makes this energy available for photosynthesis.

3 Marks
Q9. What is saprotrophic nutrition? Give one example.

Saprotrophic nutrition is a mode in which organisms obtain nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter.

Example: Mushroom/Fungi.

4 Marks
Q10. Explain the process of photosynthesis.

Plants absorb water through roots and carbon dioxide through stomata. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight. Light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is released as a by-product.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

4 Marks
Q11. Explain holozoic nutrition.

Holozoic nutrition consists of five major steps:

1. Ingestion – taking food inside.
2. Digestion – breakdown of complex food.
3. Absorption – uptake of digested nutrients.
4. Assimilation – utilization by cells.
5. Egestion – removal of undigested food.

4 Marks
Q12. Explain nutrition in Amoeba.

Amoeba uses pseudopodia to surround and engulf food particles. The food is enclosed in a food vacuole. Digestion takes place inside the vacuole. The digested nutrients are absorbed and utilized. Undigested material is finally expelled.

5 Marks
Q13. Describe autotrophic nutrition in green plants.

Green plants prepare their own food through photosynthesis.

1. Roots absorb water and minerals.
2. CO₂ enters leaves through stomata.
3. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight.
4. Light energy drives the formation of glucose from CO₂ and water.
5. Oxygen is released as a by-product.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

5 Marks
Q14. Explain the different modes of heterotrophic nutrition.

1. Holozoic nutrition: Food is ingested and internally digested. Example – humans.

2. Saprotrophic nutrition: Nutrients are obtained from dead and decaying matter. Example – fungi.

3. Parasitic nutrition: Food is obtained from a living host. Example – Cuscuta.

6 Marks
Q15. Compare autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition in detail.

Basis	Autotrophic	Heterotrophic
Food	Prepared by organism	Obtained from external source
Raw materials	CO₂ and H₂O	Organic food
Chlorophyll	Required in photosynthetic plants	Not required for obtaining food
Energy source	Sunlight in photosynthetic organisms	Chemical energy of food
Examples	Green plants	Animals and fungi

6 Marks
Q16. Explain photosynthesis and describe the role of stomata, chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water using light energy.

Stomata: Allow carbon dioxide to enter and gases to exchange.
Chlorophyll: Absorbs light energy.
Water: Absorbed by roots and transported to leaves.
Carbon dioxide: Provides carbon needed for formation of organic food.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Thus, all these components work together for efficient photosynthesis.

22. Higher Order Thinking – HOTS

Q17. Why are green plants called producers?

Green plants prepare organic food from inorganic substances and therefore form the primary source of food for many ecosystems. Hence, they are called producers.

Q18. Why can't animals perform photosynthesis like green plants?

Animals generally lack chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts and therefore cannot synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight.

Q19. Why is photosynthesis important for other organisms?

Photosynthesis produces organic food that forms the base of most food chains and releases oxygen into the atmosphere.

Q20. Why does a plant need stomata?

Stomata allow exchange of gases required for photosynthesis and respiration and also facilitate transpiration.

23. Quick Revision – परीक्षा के लिए

🌿 Nutrition → Obtaining and utilizing food.

🌿 Autotrophs → Prepare their own food.

🌿 Heterotrophs → Depend on external sources for food.

🌿 Photosynthesis → CO₂ + H₂O → Glucose + O₂.

🌿 Chlorophyll → Absorbs light energy.

🌿 Stomata → Gaseous exchange and transpiration.

🌿 Holozoic → Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion.

🌿 Saprotrophic → Nutrition from dead and decaying matter.

🌿 Parasitic → Nutrition from a living host.

24. CBSE Exam Golden Points

• Nutrition is essential for energy, growth, repair and maintenance.
• Green plants generally show autotrophic nutrition.
• Animals generally show heterotrophic nutrition.
• Photosynthesis occurs mainly in chloroplasts.
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
• Stomata are important for gaseous exchange.
• CO₂ enters the leaf mainly through stomata.
• Water is absorbed by roots.
• Fungi commonly show saprotrophic nutrition.
• Cuscuta is a parasitic plant.
• Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition.
• Photosynthesis is an anabolic process.

25. One-Line Master Revision

Nutrition → Food  →  Photosynthesis → Food Production  →  Respiration → Energy Release  →  Growth & Repair

Class 10th Science Chapter 5 – Life Processes | Introduction to Life Processes

Life Processes – Introduction to Life Processes

Class 10 Science | Chapter 6 | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive Level

🧬 Introduction to Life Processes

1. जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ क्या हैं? | What are Life Processes?

English:
Life processes are the basic activities performed by living organisms to maintain life. These processes help an organism obtain energy, grow, repair damaged cells, remove wastes and reproduce.

हिन्दी:
जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवित जीवों द्वारा जीवन को बनाए रखने के लिए की जाती हैं। इन प्रक्रियाओं की सहायता से जीव ऊर्जा प्राप्त करते हैं, वृद्धि करते हैं, क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं की मरम्मत करते हैं, अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को बाहर निकालते हैं तथा प्रजनन करते हैं।

Important: A living organism continuously performs several biochemical and physiological activities. These activities together are called Life Processes.
महत्वपूर्ण: जीवित जीव में लगातार अनेक जैव-रासायनिक और शारीरिक क्रियाएँ होती रहती हैं। इन सभी क्रियाओं को सामूहिक रूप से जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ कहा जाता है।

2. प्रमुख जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ | Major Life Processes

Life Process	English Meaning	हिन्दी अर्थ
Nutrition	Obtaining and utilizing food	भोजन प्राप्त करना और उसका उपयोग करना
Respiration	Release of energy from food	भोजन से ऊर्जा प्राप्त करना
Transportation	Transport of substances within the body	शरीर में पदार्थों का परिवहन
Excretion	Removal of metabolic wastes	उपापचयी अपशिष्टों का निष्कासन
Growth	Increase in size and number of cells	आकार एवं कोशिकाओं की संख्या में वृद्धि
Reproduction	Production of new individuals	नए जीवों का निर्माण

3. जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ आवश्यक क्यों हैं? | Why are Life Processes Necessary?

English: Living organisms are made up of cells. Cells require energy and various substances to perform their functions. Life processes continuously provide materials and energy required for survival.

हिन्दी: सभी जीवित जीव कोशिकाओं से बने होते हैं। कोशिकाओं को अपनी विभिन्न क्रियाएँ करने के लिए ऊर्जा और विभिन्न पदार्थों की आवश्यकता होती है। जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ जीव को जीवित रहने के लिए आवश्यक पदार्थ और ऊर्जा उपलब्ध कराती हैं।

1. Energy supply: Respiration releases energy from food.
   ऊर्जा आपूर्ति: श्वसन भोजन से ऊर्जा मुक्त करता है।
2. Growth: Nutrients are required for the formation of new cells.
   वृद्धि: नई कोशिकाओं के निर्माण के लिए पोषक पदार्थ आवश्यक हैं।
3. Repair: Damaged cells and tissues need to be repaired.
   मरम्मत: क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं और ऊतकों की मरम्मत आवश्यक है।
4. Waste removal: Harmful metabolic wastes must be removed.
   अपशिष्ट निष्कासन: हानिकारक उपापचयी अपशिष्टों को शरीर से बाहर निकालना आवश्यक है।
5. Coordination: Different systems must work together.
   समन्वय: शरीर की विभिन्न प्रणालियों का साथ मिलकर कार्य करना आवश्यक है।

4. उपापचय | Metabolism

English:
Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring inside the cells of an organism.

हिन्दी:
उपापचय (Metabolism) जीव की कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।

Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism

Type	Meaning	Example
Anabolism	Building complex substances from simpler substances	Formation of proteins
Catabolism	Breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances	Breakdown of glucose during respiration

5. ऊर्जा और ATP | Energy and ATP

English:
Cells require energy to perform different activities. The immediate energy currency of the cell is ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate.

हिन्दी:
कोशिकाओं को विभिन्न कार्य करने के लिए ऊर्जा की आवश्यकता होती है। कोशिका की तात्कालिक ऊर्जा मुद्रा ATP – एडेनोसिन ट्राइफॉस्फेट है।

ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy

Exam Point:
ATP is often called the energy currency of the cell.

परीक्षा बिंदु:
ATP को कोशिका की ऊर्जा मुद्रा कहा जाता है।

6. पोषण | Nutrition

English:
Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain food and utilize nutrients for energy, growth, repair and maintenance.

हिन्दी:
पोषण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा जीव भोजन प्राप्त करते हैं और पोषक पदार्थों का उपयोग ऊर्जा, वृद्धि, मरम्मत एवं शरीर के रखरखाव के लिए करते हैं।

Mode	Organisms
Autotrophic Nutrition	Green plants, algae
Heterotrophic Nutrition	Animals, fungi and many microorganisms

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

यह प्रकाश संश्लेषण की सामान्य रासायनिक समीकरण है।
This is the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.

7. श्वसन | Respiration

English:
Respiration is the biochemical process in which food molecules are broken down to release energy.

हिन्दी:
श्वसन वह जैव-रासायनिक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें भोजन के अणुओं का विघटन करके ऊर्जा प्राप्त की जाती है।

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in presence of oxygen	Occurs without oxygen
Produces more energy	Produces less energy
End products: CO₂ + H₂O	Products depend on organism

8. परिवहन | Transportation

English:
Transportation is the movement of nutrients, gases, water, hormones and waste materials from one part of the organism to another.

हिन्दी:
परिवहन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें पोषक पदार्थ, गैसें, जल, हार्मोन और अपशिष्ट पदार्थ शरीर के एक भाग से दूसरे भाग तक पहुँचाए जाते हैं।

Plants: Xylem and Phloem perform transportation.
पौधे: जाइलम और फ्लोएम परिवहन का कार्य करते हैं।

Animals: Blood, heart and blood vessels are involved in transportation.
जन्तु: रक्त, हृदय और रक्त वाहिकाएँ परिवहन में भाग लेती हैं।

9. उत्सर्जन | Excretion

English:
Excretion is the process of removal of harmful metabolic waste products from the body.

हिन्दी:
उत्सर्जन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें शरीर में बनने वाले हानिकारक उपापचयी अपशिष्ट पदार्थों को शरीर से बाहर निकाला जाता है।

Organism	Main Excretory Structures
Humans	Kidneys, lungs, skin
Plants	Stomata, storage in leaves/bark, diffusion

10. Maintenance of Life | जीवन का रखरखाव

For survival, an organism must maintain its internal conditions within suitable limits. This ability is associated with maintaining a stable internal environment.

जीवित रहने के लिए जीव को अपने शरीर की आंतरिक परिस्थितियों को उचित सीमा में बनाए रखना आवश्यक है। शरीर के आंतरिक वातावरण की स्थिरता बनाए रखना जीवन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।

11. कोशिका स्तर पर जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ | Life Processes at Cellular Level

Cellular Requirement	Purpose
Food / Nutrients	Energy and growth
Oxygen	Efficient energy release
Water	Metabolic reactions and transport
Minerals	Growth and physiological functions
Waste removal	Prevents accumulation of harmful substances

12. Life Processes और सामान्य क्रियाओं में अंतर

Life Processes	Simple Activities
Essential for maintenance of life	May not be essential for survival
Usually occur continuously	May occur occasionally
Include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion	Examples include walking, running etc.

13. MCQs – Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. Which of the following is a life process?

A) Nutrition

B) Playing

C) Sleeping only

D) Walking only

Answer: A) Nutrition

Q2. The immediate energy currency of the cell is:

A) DNA

B) ATP

C) RNA

D) Protein

Answer: B) ATP

Q3. Metabolism includes:

A) Only respiration

B) Only digestion

C) Anabolism and catabolism

D) Only excretion

Answer: C) Anabolism and catabolism

Q4. Which process removes metabolic wastes?

A) Nutrition

B) Respiration

C) Transportation

D) Excretion

Answer: D) Excretion

Q5. Which tissue transports water in plants?

A) Xylem

B) Phloem

C) Epidermis

D) Stomata

Answer: A) Xylem

Q6. Photosynthesis is an example of:

A) Catabolism

B) Anabolism

C) Excretion

D) Respiration

Answer: B) Anabolism

Q7. Which gas is generally used during aerobic respiration?

A) Nitrogen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Oxygen

D) Hydrogen

Answer: C) Oxygen

Q8. The movement of substances inside an organism is called:

A) Digestion

B) Nutrition

C) Respiration

D) Transportation

Answer: D) Transportation

Q9. Which of the following is a metabolic waste?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Glucose

C) Protein

D) Starch

Answer: A) Carbon dioxide

Q10. Heterotrophic organisms obtain:

A) Food from inorganic substances only

B) Food from other organisms or organic sources

C) Only sunlight

D) Only minerals

Answer: B) Food from other organisms or organic sources

Q11. Breakdown reactions are generally called:

A) Anabolism

B) Synthesis

C) Catabolism

D) Nutrition

Answer: C) Catabolism

Q12. Which structure is mainly responsible for excretion of urine?

A) Heart

B) Lungs

C) Stomach

D) Kidneys

Answer: D) Kidneys

Q13. Which life process provides raw materials for energy production?

A) Nutrition

B) Excretion

C) Transportation

D) Reproduction

Answer: A) Nutrition

Q14. Which substance is formed during aerobic respiration?

A) Only glucose

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Nitrogen

D) Chlorophyll

Answer: B) Carbon dioxide

Q15. Which is NOT a major life process?

A) Nutrition

B) Respiration

C) Transportation

D) Painting

Answer: D) Painting

Q16. Xylem mainly transports:

A) Water and minerals

B) Proteins only

C) Hormones only

D) Oxygen only

Answer: A) Water and minerals

Q17. Phloem mainly transports:

A) Water

B) Food

C) Oxygen

D) Carbon dioxide

Answer: B) Food

Q18. ATP stands for:

A) Adenine Triphosphate

B) Adenosine Triphosphate

C) Adenosine Diphosphate

D) Adenine Tetraphosphate

Answer: B) Adenosine Triphosphate

Q19. Which process involves the removal of carbon dioxide from the body?

A) Excretion

B) Nutrition

C) Growth

D) Reproduction

Answer: A) Excretion

Q20. Which process is responsible for releasing energy from glucose?

A) Photosynthesis

B) Respiration

C) Excretion

D) Transportation

Answer: B) Respiration

Q21. Formation of complex molecules from simpler molecules is:

A) Catabolism

B) Excretion

C) Anabolism

D) Respiration

Answer: C) Anabolism

Q22. Which system transports substances in humans?

A) Circulatory system

B) Skeletal system

C) Nervous system only

D) Reproductive system

Answer: A) Circulatory system

Q23. Green plants are mainly:

A) Heterotrophs

B) Autotrophs

C) Parasites

D) Decomposers

Answer: B) Autotrophs

Q24. The process of obtaining food is called:

A) Excretion

B) Respiration

C) Nutrition

D) Transportation

Answer: C) Nutrition

Q25. Which organ helps in removal of carbon dioxide?

A) Kidney

B) Heart

C) Stomach

D) Lungs

Answer: D) Lungs

Q26. Which process helps in growth and repair?

A) Nutrition

B) Excretion only

C) Sweating only

D) Breathing only

Answer: A) Nutrition

Q27. The breakdown of glucose is associated with:

A) Respiration

B) Photosynthesis

C) Reproduction

D) Excretion only

Answer: A) Respiration

Q28. Which one is a structural requirement for plant transport?

A) Xylem

B) Chlorophyll only

C) Ribosome only

D) Nucleus only

Answer: A) Xylem

Q29. Which process is essential for removal of toxic substances?

A) Growth

B) Excretion

C) Reproduction

D) Photosynthesis

Answer: B) Excretion

Q30. The basic structural and functional unit of life is:

A) Tissue

B) Organ

C) Cell

D) Organ system

Answer: C) Cell

14. Subjective Questions – 1 to 6 Marks

1 Mark
Q1. What are life processes?

Answer: Life processes are the basic activities necessary for the maintenance and survival of living organisms.

उत्तर: जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ वे मूलभूत क्रियाएँ हैं जो जीवों के जीवन और उसके रखरखाव के लिए आवश्यक हैं।

1 Mark
Q2. What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring inside cells.
उपापचय कोशिकाओं के अंदर होने वाली सभी रासायनिक क्रियाओं का कुल योग है।

1 Mark
Q3. What is ATP?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and acts as the immediate energy currency of the cell.

2 Marks
Q4. Name any four major life processes.

Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.
पोषण, श्वसन, परिवहन और उत्सर्जन।

2 Marks
Q5. Why are life processes necessary?

Life processes provide energy, nutrients, growth, repair and removal of wastes necessary for survival.

2 Marks
Q6. Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic: Organisms prepare their own food, e.g. green plants.
Heterotrophic: Organisms depend on other organisms or organic sources for food.

3 Marks
Q7. Explain the importance of respiration.

1. It breaks down food molecules.
2. It releases energy.
3. The released energy is used for various cellular activities.

3 Marks
Q8. Explain metabolism with its two major components.

Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in cells.

Anabolism: Building complex substances from simpler substances.
Catabolism: Breaking complex substances into simpler substances.

3 Marks
Q9. Explain the role of transportation in living organisms.

Transportation helps in:
1. Movement of nutrients.
2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3. Distribution of hormones and removal of wastes.

4 Marks
Q10. Explain why nutrition is essential for living organisms.

Nutrition is required for:
1. Providing energy.
2. Growth and development.
3. Repair of damaged tissues.
4. Maintenance of body functions.

4 Marks
Q11. Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration: Takes place in the presence of oxygen and generally releases more energy.

Anaerobic respiration: Takes place without oxygen and generally releases less energy.

4 Marks
Q12. Explain the importance of excretion.

Excretion removes harmful metabolic wastes from the body. If these wastes accumulate, they may disturb normal cellular functions and become toxic.

5 Marks
Q13. Explain the major life processes in detail.

1. Nutrition: Provides food and nutrients.
2. Respiration: Releases energy from food.
3. Transportation: Moves substances within the body.
4. Excretion: Removes metabolic wastes.
5. Reproduction: Produces new individuals and ensures continuity of species.

5 Marks
Q14. Explain the relationship between nutrition and respiration.

Nutrition supplies food such as glucose to the organism. During respiration, glucose is broken down and energy is released.

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Thus, nutrition supplies the raw material and respiration releases usable energy from it.

6 Marks
Q15. Describe the importance of life processes for survival of an organism.

Life processes are essential because:

1. Nutrition supplies nutrients and raw materials.
2. Respiration releases energy.
3. Transportation distributes useful substances.
4. Excretion removes harmful wastes.
5. Growth and repair maintain the body.
6. Reproduction ensures continuity of the species.

Therefore, proper coordination of different life processes is necessary for the survival and maintenance of an organism.

6 Marks
Q16. Explain metabolism, ATP and their importance in life processes.

Metabolism: It is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in cells.

Anabolism: Builds complex molecules.
Catabolism: Breaks down complex molecules.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate is the immediate energy currency of the cell.

ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy

The energy released from ATP is utilized for cellular activities such as growth, movement, synthesis and active transport.

15. Quick Revision – परीक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु

✅ Life processes maintain life.

✅ Major processes include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.

✅ Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism.

✅ ATP is called the energy currency of the cell.

✅ Nutrition provides nutrients and energy sources.

✅ Respiration releases energy from food.

✅ Xylem transports water and minerals in plants.

✅ Phloem transports food in plants.

✅ Excretion removes metabolic wastes.

✅ Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.

16. CBSE Exam Golden Points

⭐ Remember:

• Life processes are essential for maintenance of life.
• ATP is the immediate energy currency of cells.
• Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism.
• Respiration is different from simple breathing.
• Nutrition provides materials required for energy, growth and repair.
• Transportation distributes substances throughout the organism.
• Excretion removes harmful metabolic wastes.

17. One-Line Revision

Nutrition → Food   |   Respiration → Energy   |   Transportation → Movement of Materials   |   Excretion → Waste Removal

Class 10th Science Chapter 4 – Carbon and Its Compounds | Important Experiments and Activities

Carbon and Its Compounds

Important Experiments and Activities | महत्वपूर्ण प्रयोग एवं गतिविधियाँ

Class 10 Science | CBSE + Foundation + Competitive

Important Experiments and Activities

1. Introduction | परिचय

The chapter Carbon and Its Compounds contains several important activities that demonstrate:

• Properties of carbon compounds
• Combustion
• Oxidation
• Reaction with sodium
• Reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates
• Esterification
• Soap formation
• Cleansing action of soap

कार्बन एवं उसके यौगिक अध्याय में अनेक महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियाँ हैं जिनसे कार्बन यौगिकों के गुणों और अभिक्रियाओं को समझा जाता है।

2. Activity 1 – Burning of Carbon Compounds
गतिविधि 1 – कार्बन यौगिकों का दहन

Experiment | प्रयोग

Objective: To observe the combustion of a carbon compound.

Procedure: Take a small quantity of a carbon compound such as ethanol and burn it carefully.

उद्देश्य: कार्बन यौगिक के दहन का अध्ययन करना।

प्रक्रिया: एथेनॉल की थोड़ी मात्रा लेकर उसे सावधानीपूर्वक जलाया जाता है।

Observation | अवलोकन: Ethanol burns with a clean flame and produces heat.

एथेनॉल जलने पर ज्वाला तथा ऊष्मा उत्पन्न करता है।

C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat

Conclusion: Carbon compounds undergo combustion and release energy.

निष्कर्ष: कार्बन यौगिक दहन के दौरान ऊर्जा मुक्त करते हैं।

Precaution: Perform the activity away from inflammable materials.
ज्वलनशील पदार्थों से दूर प्रयोग करें।

3. Activity 2 – Oxidation of Ethanol
गतिविधि 2 – एथेनॉल का ऑक्सीकरण

Experiment | प्रयोग

Objective: To study oxidation of ethanol.

Ethanol is oxidised using an oxidising agent such as alkaline KMnO₄ or acidified K₂Cr₂O₇.

CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O

Observation: Ethanol is converted into ethanoic acid.

अवलोकन: एथेनॉल ऑक्सीकरण के बाद एथेनोइक अम्ल में परिवर्तित होता है।

Conclusion: Ethanol undergoes oxidation to form ethanoic acid.

4. Activity 3 – Ethanol and Sodium
गतिविधि 3 – एथेनॉल और सोडियम

Experiment | प्रयोग

Objective: To observe the reaction of ethanol with sodium.

Small pieces of sodium are carefully added to ethanol under appropriate laboratory supervision.

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑

Observation | अवलोकन: Effervescence is observed because hydrogen gas is evolved.

हाइड्रोजन गैस निकलने के कारण बुलबुले दिखाई देते हैं।

Products: Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen

उत्पाद: सोडियम एथॉक्साइड + हाइड्रोजन

Sodium is highly reactive. This activity should be performed only under proper teacher/laboratory supervision.

सोडियम अत्यधिक क्रियाशील होता है। यह प्रयोग केवल शिक्षक/ प्रयोगशाला की उचित देखरेख में किया जाना चाहिए।

5. Activity 4 – Dehydration of Ethanol
गतिविधि 4 – एथेनॉल का निर्जलीकरण

Experiment | प्रयोग

Ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid under controlled conditions.

C₂H₅OH
↓
Conc. H₂SO₄, 443 K
↓
C₂H₄ + H₂O

Observation: Ethene is formed.

अवलोकन: एथीन गैस बनती है।

Conclusion: Removal of water from ethanol produces ethene.

6. Activity 5 – Addition Reaction
गतिविधि 5 – योगात्मक अभिक्रिया

Hydrogenation of Ethene | एथीन का हाइड्रोजनीकरण

Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst.

CH₂=CH₂ + H₂
↓ Ni
CH₃–CH₃

The double bond of ethene is converted into a single bond.

Product: Ethane
उत्पाद: एथेन

7. Activity 6 – Substitution Reaction
गतिविधि 6 – प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया

Chlorination of Methane | मीथेन का क्लोरीनीकरण

Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.

CH₄ + Cl₂
↓ Sunlight
CH₃Cl + HCl

One hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by chlorine.

This is a substitution reaction.
यह एक प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रिया है।

8. Activity 7 – Ethanoic Acid and Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
गतिविधि 7 – एथेनोइक अम्ल और सोडियम हाइड्रोजन कार्बोनेट

Experiment | प्रयोग

Ethanoic acid is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate.

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑

Observation: Brisk effervescence occurs due to the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.

अवलोकन: CO₂ गैस निकलने के कारण तीव्र बुलबुले बनते हैं।

The evolved gas turns lime water milky.

निकली हुई गैस चूने के पानी को दूधिया कर देती है।

9. Activity 8 – Test of Carbon Dioxide with Lime Water
गतिविधि 8 – चूने के पानी से CO₂ की जाँच

Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.

Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O

Observation: Lime water turns milky because insoluble calcium carbonate is formed.

अवलोकन: अघुलनशील कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट बनने के कारण चूने का पानी दूधिया हो जाता है।

Conclusion: Milky lime water is a common test for CO₂.

10. Activity 9 – Esterification
गतिविधि 9 – एस्टरीकरण

Experiment | प्रयोग

Ethanoic acid and ethanol are heated together in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Observation: A pleasant fruity smell may be noticed due to the formation of an ester.

अवलोकन: एस्टर बनने के कारण सुखद फल जैसी गंध महसूस हो सकती है।

Product: Ethyl ethanoate
उत्पाद: एथिल एथेनोएट

Concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive and must be handled only under proper laboratory supervision.

11. Activity 10 – Saponification
गतिविधि 10 – साबुनीकरण

Ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium salt and alcohol.

CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH

Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester is called saponification.

एस्टर का क्षारीय जल अपघटन साबुनीकरण कहलाता है।

12. Activity 11 – Preparation of Soap
गतिविधि 11 – साबुन का निर्माण

Fats or oils are heated with sodium hydroxide.

Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap

The soap produced is generally a sodium salt of a long-chain fatty acid.

बना हुआ साबुन सामान्यतः लंबी श्रृंखला वाले वसीय अम्ल का सोडियम लवण होता है।

Products: Glycerol + Soap

उत्पाद: ग्लिसरॉल + साबुन

13. Activity 12 – Soap in Hard Water
गतिविधि 12 – कठोर जल में साबुन

Add soap solution to hard water containing Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ ions.

2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl

Observation: An insoluble curdy substance called scum is formed.

अवलोकन: अघुलनशील दही जैसा पदार्थ बनता है जिसे स्कम कहते हैं।

Soap does not work efficiently in hard water because some soap is consumed in forming insoluble calcium/magnesium salts.

14. Activity 13 – Cleansing Action of Soap
गतिविधि 13 – साबुन की सफाई क्रिया

Soap molecules contain two different parts:

1. Hydrophobic tail → Attracted to oil and grease.

2. Hydrophilic head → Interacts with water.

Soap molecules surround oil/grease particles and form micelles.

Oil/Grease + Soap → Micelle → Washing with Water → Clean Surface

The dirt/grease becomes suspended in water and can be removed during washing.

गंदगी और चिकनाई पानी में निलंबित होकर धुलाई के दौरान हट जाती है।

15. Activity 14 – Soap vs Detergent in Hard Water
गतिविधि 14 – कठोर जल में साबुन एवं डिटर्जेंट

Property	Soap	Detergent
Hard Water	Forms scum	Generally works better
Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺	Forms insoluble salts	Usually does not form the same insoluble scum
Cleansing	Reduced in hard water	Effective in hard water

Conclusion: Detergents are generally preferred for washing in hard water.

16. Important Activities Summary
महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियों का सार

Activity	Observation	Important Equation
Combustion of ethanol	Heat and flame	C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Oxidation of ethanol	Ethanoic acid formed	CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
Ethanol + Sodium	H₂ bubbles	2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
Dehydration	Ethene formed	C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
Ethanoic acid + NaHCO₃	CO₂ effervescence	CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
CO₂ + Lime water	Lime water turns milky	Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Esterification	Fruity smell	CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Saponification	Salt + alcohol	Ester + NaOH → Salt + Alcohol
Soap + Hard water	Scum formation	2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca + 2NaCl

17. 30 MCQs | बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न

Q1. Which gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium?

A) Hydrogen

B) Oxygen

C) Carbon dioxide

D) Chlorine

Answer: A

Q2. Ethanol is oxidised to:

A) Ethane

B) Ethanoic acid

C) Ethene

D) Methane

Answer: B

Q3. Which catalyst is commonly used in hydrogenation?

A) Fe

B) Cu

C) Ni

D) Zn

Answer: C

Q4. Ethanol on dehydration produces:

A) Ethane

B) Methane

C) Ethanoic acid

D) Ethene

Answer: D

Q5. The gas evolved from ethanoic acid and NaHCO₃ is:

A) CO₂

B) H₂

C) O₂

D) N₂

Answer: A

Q6. CO₂ turns lime water:

A) Blue

B) Milky

C) Green

D) Red

Answer: B

Q7. The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is:

A) Substitution

B) Addition

C) Esterification

D) Combustion

Answer: C

Q8. The pleasant fruity smell is generally due to:

A) Alcohol

B) Alkane

C) Acid

D) Ester

Answer: D

Q9. Soap is generally a salt of:

A) Long-chain fatty acid

B) Mineral acid

C) Alcohol

D) Alkene

Answer: A

Q10. Hard water contains mainly:

A) Na⁺

B) Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺

C) H⁺

D) Cl₂

Answer: B

Q11. The insoluble substance formed by soap in hard water is:

A) Ester

B) Alcohol

C) Scum

D) Acid

Answer: C

Q12. The hydrophobic part of soap is:

A) Ionic head

B) Carboxylate group

C) Sodium ion

D) Hydrocarbon tail

Answer: D

Q13. The hydrophilic part of soap interacts mainly with:

A) Water

B) Oil

C) Grease

D) Wax

Answer: A

Q14. The process of alkaline hydrolysis of ester is:

A) Oxidation

B) Saponification

C) Addition

D) Combustion

Answer: B

Q15. Soap molecules form spherical structures called:

A) Polymers

B) Esters

C) Micelles

D) Ions

Answer: C

Q16. Which reaction demonstrates substitution?

A) Ethene + H₂

B) Acid + alcohol

C) Acid + NaOH

D) Methane + chlorine

Answer: D

Q17. Which substance is formed along with soap during saponification of fats?

A) Glycerol

B) Ethene

C) Methane

D) Hydrogen

Answer: A

Q18. Which compound turns lime water milky?

A) O₂

B) CO₂

C) H₂

D) N₂

Answer: B

Q19. The precipitate in the lime water test is:

A) CaCl₂

B) CaO

C) CaCO₃

D) CaSO₄

Answer: C

Q20. Which compound is formed in esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid?

A) Ethene

B) Ethanol

C) Methane

D) Ethyl ethanoate

Answer: D

Q21. Which substance is used as an oxidising agent for ethanol?

A) Alkaline KMnO₄

B) NaCl

C) CaCO₃

D) H₂

Answer: A

Q22. The reaction CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃CH₃ is:

A) Substitution

B) Addition

C) Oxidation

D) Neutralisation

Answer: B

Q23. Which ion causes scum formation with soap?

A) Na⁺

B) K⁺

C) Ca²⁺

D) H⁺

Answer: C

Q24. The reaction Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap is:

A) Combustion

B) Addition

C) Oxidation

D) Saponification

Answer: D

Q25. The main purpose of soap's hydrophobic tail is to:

A) Interact with oil/grease

B) Interact with water only

C) Produce oxygen

D) Produce CO₂

Answer: A

Q26. Which activity demonstrates neutralisation?

A) Methane + chlorine

B) Ethanoic acid + NaOH

C) Ethene + hydrogen

D) Ethanol dehydration

Answer: B

Q27. Which gas causes effervescence with NaHCO₃?

A) H₂

B) O₂

C) CO₂

D) Cl₂

Answer: C

Q28. Which type of water reduces the efficiency of soap?

A) Distilled water

B) Soft water

C) Pure water

D) Hard water

Answer: D

Q29. Which product is formed during oxidation of ethanol?

A) Ethanoic acid

B) Ethane

C) Methane

D) Ethene

Answer: A

Q30. Which observation confirms the presence of CO₂?

A) Blue flame

B) Lime water turns milky

C) Hydrogen pop sound

D) Fruity smell

Answer: B

18. 30 Subjective Questions | वर्णनात्मक प्रश्न

1 Mark
Q1. What gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium?

Hydrogen gas.

1 Mark
Q2. What is esterification?

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water is called esterification.

1 Mark
Q3. What is saponification?

Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester is called saponification.

1 Mark
Q4. What is scum?

Scum is the insoluble calcium or magnesium salt of fatty acids formed when soap reacts with hard water.

1 Mark
Q5. What is a micelle?

A micelle is an aggregate of soap molecules formed around oil/grease particles in water.

2 Marks
Q6. Write the equation for oxidation of ethanol.

CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O

2 Marks
Q7. Write the reaction of ethanol with sodium.

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂

2 Marks
Q8. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with NaHCO₃?

CO₂ gas is evolved with brisk effervescence.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

2 Marks
Q9. Why does lime water turn milky when CO₂ is passed through it?

Because insoluble calcium carbonate is formed:
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O

2 Marks
Q10. Name the catalyst used in hydrogenation of ethene.

Nickel (Ni).

3 Marks
Q11. Explain the esterification experiment.

Ethanoic acid and ethanol are heated in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄. They form ethyl ethanoate and water.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

The ester generally has a pleasant fruity smell.

3 Marks
Q12. Explain the activity showing the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaHCO₃.

Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate and produces carbon dioxide gas.

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

Effervescence is observed.

3 Marks
Q13. Explain the lime water test for CO₂.

CO₂ is passed through lime water. It reacts with calcium hydroxide to form insoluble calcium carbonate, making the solution milky.

Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O

3 Marks
Q14. What happens when soap is added to hard water?

Soap reacts with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions and forms insoluble salts called scum. Therefore soap becomes less effective in hard water.

3 Marks
Q15. Explain the cleansing action of soap.

The hydrophobic tail attaches to oil/grease while the hydrophilic head interacts with water. Soap molecules form micelles around grease and help remove it during washing.

4 Marks
Q16. Describe the activity showing combustion of ethanol.

Ethanol is carefully burnt in air. It burns and releases heat. The combustion reaction is:

C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat

This demonstrates that carbon compounds undergo combustion and release energy.

4 Marks
Q17. Explain the reaction of ethanol with sodium.

Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑

Effervescence is observed due to hydrogen gas.

4 Marks
Q18. Explain the dehydration of ethanol.

Ethanol is heated with concentrated H₂SO₄ at about 443 K. Water is removed and ethene is formed.

C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O

4 Marks
Q19. Explain soap formation from fats and oils.

Fats and oils react with NaOH/KOH on heating. This produces glycerol and soap.

Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap

This reaction is called saponification.

4 Marks
Q20. Why is soap less effective in hard water?

Hard water contains Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions. These ions react with soap to form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts.

2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl

The insoluble product is called scum.

5 Marks
Q21. Explain the important activities related to ethanol.

Important activities include:

1. Combustion: C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O + Heat

2. Oxidation: CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O

3. Reaction with sodium: 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂

4. Dehydration: C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O

5 Marks
Q22. Explain the important activities related to ethanoic acid.

Ethanoic acid:

1. Reacts with NaOH: CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O

2. Reacts with NaHCO₃: CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

3. Reacts with ethanol: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

5 Marks
Q23. Explain esterification and saponification experiments.

Esterification:
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Saponification:
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH

Esterification forms an ester, whereas saponification is alkaline hydrolysis of an ester.

5 Marks
Q24. Explain the cleansing action of soap with a suitable activity.

Soap contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and hydrophilic ionic head. The tail attaches to grease while the head remains associated with water. Many soap molecules surround a grease particle and form a micelle. Agitation and rinsing remove the grease from the surface.

5 Marks
Q25. Explain why detergents are more suitable than soaps in hard water.

Hard water contains Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions. Soap reacts with these ions and forms insoluble scum, reducing cleansing efficiency. Detergents generally do not form the same insoluble precipitates with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, so they work better in hard water.

6 Marks
Q26. Describe six important experiments from Carbon and Its Compounds.

1. Combustion of ethanol
2. Oxidation of ethanol
3. Reaction of ethanol with sodium
4. Dehydration of ethanol
5. Esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid
6. Reaction of soap with hard water

These activities demonstrate important chemical properties and applications of carbon compounds.

6 Marks
Q27. Describe an experiment to demonstrate the presence of CO₂.

Ethanoic acid is reacted with sodium hydrogen carbonate:

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

The evolved gas is passed through lime water.

Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O

The lime water turns milky, confirming CO₂.

6 Marks
Q28. Describe the experiment of esterification in detail.

Take ethanol and ethanoic acid and add a small quantity of concentrated H₂SO₄. Heat the mixture carefully in a water bath.

The reaction is:

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Ethyl ethanoate is formed. It generally has a pleasant fruity smell. Concentrated H₂SO₄ acts as an acid catalyst and also helps remove water.

6 Marks
Q29. Describe the preparation of soap and explain its action in hard water.

Fats/oils are heated with NaOH to produce glycerol and soap:

Fat/Oil + NaOH → Glycerol + Soap

Soap contains long hydrocarbon chains and ionic carboxylate heads. In hard water, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions form insoluble salts:

2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca↓ + 2NaCl

This insoluble material is scum.

6 Marks
Q30. Write a complete practical revision chart for Carbon and Its Compounds.

Experiment	Observation	Equation
Combustion	Heat and flame	C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Oxidation	Ethanoic acid formed	CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
Ethanol + Na	H₂ bubbles	2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
Dehydration	Ethene formed	C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
Acid + NaHCO₃	CO₂ effervescence	CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
CO₂ test	Lime water milky	Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Esterification	Fruity smell	CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Soap + hard water	Scum	2RCOONa + CaCl₂ → (RCOO)₂Ca + 2NaCl

19. CBSE Practical Golden Points | बोर्ड परीक्षा के महत्वपूर्ण बिंदु

⭐ Ethanol + Sodium → Hydrogen gas

⭐ Ethanoic acid + NaHCO₃ → CO₂ gas

⭐ CO₂ + Lime water → Milky appearance

⭐ Ethanol oxidation → Ethanoic acid

⭐ Ethanol dehydration → Ethene

⭐ Ethanoic acid + Ethanol → Ester

⭐ Ester + NaOH → Saponification

⭐ Soap + Hard water → Scum

⭐ Soap tail → Oil/Grease

⭐ Soap head → Water

Carbon and Its Compounds | Important Experiments and Activities
कार्बन एवं उसके यौगिक | महत्वपूर्ण प्रयोग एवं गतिविधियाँ

CBSE Class 10 | Foundation | Competitive Preparation